阑尾杯状细胞腺癌1例并文献复习
A Case Report of Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.143870, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 16  浏览: 33  科研立项经费支持
作者: 朱庆凯:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;周厚民, 周少飞*:青岛市市立医院胃肠外一科,山东 青岛;王雪斐:日照市人民医院医保办,山东 日照;於 行:大连医科大学研究生院,辽宁 大连;苗 蕾*:青岛市市立医院门诊部,山东 青岛
关键词: 阑尾杯状细胞腺癌阑尾肿瘤诊断治疗痊愈Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma Appendiceal Tumor Diagnosis Heal
摘要: 目的:提高临床医师对阑尾杯状细胞腺癌的认识、诊断及治疗。方法:回顾分析2023年12月青岛市市立医院收治的1例阑尾杯状细胞腺癌的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果:患者为73岁老年女性,以“慢性阑尾炎”收入院,行腹腔镜下阑尾切除术,术后病理提示为杯状细胞腺癌。后行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,术后病理未见肿瘤组织残余及其他脏器转移,结合病理、免疫组化及PET-CT,未行化疗,术后恢复良好后出院。结论:阑尾杯状细胞腺癌为隐匿性较高的恶性肿瘤,手术是其主要治疗方式。研究分析GCA的诊断和治疗,对推进其规范化治疗有深刻意义。
Abstract: Objective: To enhance the comprehension, differential diagnosis, and treatment of goblet cell adenocarcinoma (GCA) of the appendix. Methods: The clinical data of a case involving GCA of the appendix admitted to Qingdao Municipal Hospital in December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, and relevant literature was reviewed. Results: The patient, a 73-year-old woman with chronic appendicitis symptoms, underwent laparoscopic appendectomy followed by laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Postoperative pathology revealed no residual tumor tissue or metastasis to other organs. Based on the results from pathology, immunohistochemistry, and PET-CT scans, chemotherapy was not administered to the patient who recovered well after surgery and was discharged. Conclusions: Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the appendix (GCA) is an extremely insidious malignant tumor with symptoms and signs that often mimic acute appendicitis. Surgical intervention constitutes the primary treatment for GCA patients. In addition to appendectomy, right hemicolectomy is also necessary upon diagnosing GCA. The study and analysis of GCA diagnosis and treatment hold profound significance in further advancing standardized care for affected individuals.
文章引用:朱庆凯, 周厚民, 王雪斐, 於行, 苗蕾, 周少飞. 阑尾杯状细胞腺癌1例并文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 1493-1497. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.143870

1. 引言

阑尾杯状细胞腺癌(Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma, GCA)是一种比较罕见的具有神经内分泌肿瘤以及腺癌特点的混合型肿瘤,临床表现无明显特异性,易漏诊或误诊。青岛市市立医院于2023年收治1例女性阑尾杯状细胞癌患者,本文通过对该病例深入分析、学习,旨在提高对该疾病的认识,增加临床经验,总结报道如下。

2. 病例资料

患者,女,73岁,因“转移性右下腹疼痛半年余,加重1天”于2023年12月14日入院。患者自述半年余前无明显诱因出现右下腹间断性疼痛,无放射性疼痛,无发热,无恶心呕吐,无腹泻,无便血,无排便习惯改变等症状。2023-05-31行盆腔CT检查示:考虑急性阑尾炎可能(图1(A))。建议患者行腹腔镜阑尾切除术,患者拒绝手术,要求保守治疗,给予抗感染等对症治疗,症状缓解后离院。1天前再次出现右下腹疼痛,来我院就诊,急诊以“慢性阑尾炎”收入院。患者近1月大小便正常,体重无明显下降。既往史:有冠心病史20余年,月经及婚育史无特殊,无外伤及手术史,否认家族肿瘤病史,有“青霉素类”药物过敏史。查体:生命体征平稳,腹部平坦,未扪及明显包块,右下腹压痛,无反跳痛。2023-12-24血常规:白细胞计数(WBC) 3.67 × 109/L,中性粒细胞计数(Neu #) 1.81 × 109/L,中性粒细胞百分率(Neu %) 49.30%,C反应蛋白(CRP) < 0.50 mg/L。2024-12-04盆腔CT检查:阑尾未端略增粗毛糙,阑尾炎复查所见(图1(B))。综合上述病史、体征及辅助检查结果,术前诊断为“慢性阑尾炎”,于2023年12月6日拟行腹腔镜下阑尾切除术。术中探查腹腔,见盆腔内少量脓液,吸净盆腔脓夜,见阑尾盲肠下位,充血水肿,大小约6 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm3,诊断为慢性阑尾炎,遂行腹腔镜阑尾切除术。

Figure 1. CT examination and intraoperative appendix manifestations of the patient. (A): CT examination of the patient before 6 months, (B): CT examination of the patient before operation, (C): Intraoperative appendix manifestations

图1. 患者CT检查及术中阑尾表现。(A) 患者6月前CT表现,(B) 患者术前CT表现,(C) 术中阑尾表现

术后大体标本见阑尾浆膜面灰红、较光滑,阑尾盲端可见少许粘液样物,阑尾管腔通畅。2023-12-07术后病理诊断:阑尾壁内见大量杯状细胞浸润,结合免疫组化诊断为杯状细胞腺癌。免疫组化结果(如图2):CK(+),CK19(+),CK20(+),CK7(−),CEA(弱+),CDX2(+),CgA(散在+),CD56(−),p53(野生型),Ki67(5%+),Syn(弱+),SATB2(+)。术后查消化道肿瘤标志物:癌胚抗原(CEA) 0.94 ng/mL;糖类抗原125 (CA125) 8.64 U/mL;糖类抗原19-9 (CA199) 7.90 U/mL;糖类抗原72-4 (CA724) 0.680 U/mL;甲胎蛋白(AFP) 1.36I U/mL。2023-12-08完善PET-CT检查:结合病史,阑尾术后,术区FDG代谢轻度增高,毗邻腹膜局部略增厚、周围脂肪组织渗出性改变伴有略高代谢,考虑术后炎性反应可能。腹腔、盆腔及腹膜后未见明显增大及示踪剂摄取增高淋巴结影。双侧附件区未见异常密度影及异常示踪剂摄取。告知患者家属病情并解释下一步需行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,家属表示理解并同意手术。于2023-12-19行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,术后病理诊断:(右半结肠)结肠组织慢性炎,未见肿瘤组织增残余,回肠切缘及结肠切缘未见肿瘤累及,查见肠旁淋巴结(12个)呈现反应性增生。结合患者免疫组化患者Ki67(5+),术后病理及PET-CT未见肠周淋巴结及其他脏器转移,可术后随访观察,未行化疗。患者术后恢复良好出院,嘱出院后定期门诊复查。

Figure 2. HE staining and immunohistochemical results of goblet cell carcinoma of the appendix. (A) Tumor cells diffusely infiltrated the muscular layer (HE ×40), (B) Goblet cells or signet ring cell-like cells were seen in nests and clusters (HE ×200), (C) Positive expression of CgA in tumor cells (×200), (D) Weakly positive expression of Syn in tumor cells (×200), (E) Positive expression of CK20 in tumor cells (×200), (F) Ki-67 index about 5% (×200)

图2. 阑尾杯状细胞癌HE染色及免疫组织化学结果。(A) 肿瘤细胞弥漫浸润肌层(HE ×40),(B) 可见杯状细胞或印戒细胞样细胞呈巢状、簇状排列(HE ×200),(C) CgA在肿瘤细胞中呈阳性表达(×200),(D) Syn在肿瘤细胞中呈弱阳性表达(×200),(E) CK20在肿瘤细胞中呈阳性表达(×200),(F) Ki-67指数约5% (×200)

3. 讨论

阑尾杯状细胞腺癌(Goblet Cell Adenocarcinoma, GCA)是一种独特的混合性内分泌–外分泌肿瘤,由杯状细胞、神经内分泌细胞及潘氏细胞构成,几乎只见于阑尾 [1] [2] ,于1974年由Subbaswamy等人首次报道 [3] 。其发病率约为每年每100万人0.12例 [4] ,约占原发性阑尾肿瘤,10%~23%约占胃肠道癌症的1% [5] ,男女发病率差距较小。GCA临床表现多与急性阑尾炎相似,多以右下腹痛为首发症状,少数患者可表现为无明显症状,极少数患者可出现胃肠道出血、肠梗阻、肠套叠等表现,一般无类癌综合征 [6] 。GCA隐匿性较高,多在切除的阑尾标本中发现。大体标本常表现为阑尾组织表面充血或有脓苔附着,阑尾壁增厚、管腔狭窄一般无明显肿块形成。组织病理学上,肿瘤可累及阑尾管壁,肿瘤细胞巢紧贴隐窝基底,在黏膜下呈现向心性生长,弥漫浸润阑尾肌层甚至可达浆膜层,但不破坏阑尾结构,不引起阑尾组织坏死、破坏等反应,阑尾粘膜层常完整。细胞外黏液常存在,有时比较丰富 [7] 。

WHO (2019)消化系统肿瘤组织学分类将阑尾杯状细胞肿瘤从神经内分泌肿瘤中独立出来,成为单独一类肿瘤。根据小管和簇状的低级别生长方式的比例,将GCA共分为3级 [8] 。研究发现,GCA组织学分级与免疫组化Ki-67增殖指数的高低呈正相关,G1的指数为1%~15%;G3的指数为30%~80%;G2介于两者之间 [9] 。临床上,低级别的GCA发现时多为I~II期,50%~70%高级别的GCA发现时多为IV期 [10] [11] 。同阑尾腺癌的分期标准,GCA按照阑尾肿瘤第8版美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)的标准进行TNM分期,临床分期及肿瘤分级决定GCA预后 [9] 。与典型的神经内分泌肿瘤(Neuroendocrine Tumor, NET)相比,GCA具有更强的侵袭性和转移能力。有研究显示 [12] ,GCA的侵袭性生物学行为更类似腺癌,可进展为黏液腺癌、印戒细胞癌、高级别腺癌等,临床上可侵犯邻近结肠、回肠。晚期GCA多转移至腹膜、网膜、盆腔脏器等临近部位,肺、肝等远处部位则较少发生转移 [13] 。女性患者最易转移到卵巢,部分患者出现腹腔假粘液瘤。

由于阑尾GCA发病率较低,对于具体的治疗方案,包括最佳手术切除范围以及术后是否需要化疗尚未完全达成共识。目前确诊GCA之后,除阑尾切除术外,通常建议行右半结肠切除术,以保证肿瘤切除并明确病理分期。GCA的预后介于腺癌与类癌之间,总体生存率为77.5%,有远处转移者5年生存率为18.6% [14] 。对于T3、T4或有周围淋巴结转移的患者,手术联合术后化疗可明显延长患者的总生存期,化疗方案同阑尾腺癌。研究显示肿瘤细胞减灭术(Cytoreductive Surgery, CRS)和腹腔热灌注化疗(Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy, HIPEC)化疗对仅有腹膜转移的GCA患者有效。对于无法切除的患者可以通过细胞毒性化疗方案延长患者总生存期,包括5-氟尿嘧啶,如FOLFIRI和FOLFOX治疗 [5] [15] 。女性患者易发生卵巢转移,推荐使用联合腹腔热灌注治疗及化疗。GCA具体治疗指南尚未完善,未来对于该肿瘤的诊断及治疗仍需要进行进一步的研究和探索。

基金项目

山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023MH144);青岛市自然科学联合基金(23-2-1-191-zyyd-jch)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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