大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死患者脑微出血的危险因素及预后分析
Risk Factors and Prognostic Analysis of Cerebral Microbleeds in Patients with Large Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441040, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 23  浏览: 38 
作者: 栾墨馨, 宋晓倩, 金晨阳, 郑雪平*:青岛大学附属医院老年医学科,山东 青岛
关键词: 脑微出血大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死复发预后Cerebral Microbleeds Large Artery Atherosclerotic Stroke Recurrence Prognosis
摘要: 目的:探讨合并脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMB)大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死(large artery atherosclerotic stroke, LAAS)患者的危险因素,以及脑微出血对大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死预后影响。方法:纳入2016~2022年就诊于青岛大学附属医院的大动脉硬化型脑梗死患者353例,依据是否有脑微出血分为有CMB组与无CMB组,分析LAAS患者发生CMB的影响因素以及CMB对LAAS患者预后的影响。结果:多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示年龄(P = 0.043)和高血压病史(P = 0.004)是LAAS患者CMB的危险因素。Kaplan-Meier生存分析示,有CMB组平均生存时间、累计生存率低于无CMB组患者,对LAAS患者进行单因素COX回归分析,两组在再发脑梗死以及全因死亡结局上均存在显著差异,CMB组更容易发生以上结局,两组在颅内出血结局上无显著差异。总体而言,有CMB组患者比无CMB组患者更易出现不良预后(HR = 0.397, 95% CI, 0.260~0.606; P = 0.000)。对有CMB组进行多因素COX回归分析示,年龄和血清C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)水平是LAAS患者的预后不良(包括再发脑梗死、颅内出血、全因死亡)的独立危险因素。结论:年龄和既往高血压病史是LAAS患者CMB发生的常见原因。CMB增加了LAAS患者再发脑梗死以及全因死亡的风险,但不增加颅内出血的风险。年龄和血清CRP水平是合并CMB的LAAS患者预后不良的独立危险因素。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the risk factors of cerebral microbleeds (CMB) in patients with large artery atherosclerotic stroke (LAAS) and the effect of cerebral microbleeds on the prognosis of large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Methods: 353 patients with cerebral infarction due to large artery atherosclerosis in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from 2016 to 2022 were enrolled in this study, which were divided into CMB group and non-CMB group based on the presence or absence of cerebral microbleeds to analyze the factors influencing the occurrence of CMB in LAAS patients and the impact of CMB on the prognosis of LAAS patients. Results: Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that age (P = 0.043) and history of hypertension (P = 0.004) were risk factors for the development of CMB in patients with LAAS. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the group with CMB had a shorter overall survival than the group without CMB. Conducting univariate COX regression analysis on LAAS patients, significant differences were observed in both recurrent stroke and overall mortality outcomes between the two groups. The non-CMB group was less prone to experiencing the aforementioned outcomes, with no significant difference between the groups in terms of cerebral hemorrhage outcomes. Univariate COX regression analysis of patients with LAAS showed that patients in the group with CMB were more likely to have a poor prognosis than those in the group without CMB (HR = 0.397, 95% CI, 0.260~0.606; P = 0.000). Multifactorial COX regression analysis of the group with CMB showed that age and C-reactive protein were the risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with LAAS who developed CMB. Conclusions: Age and a history of previous hypertension are common causes of CMB in patients with LAAS. CMB increases the risk of recurrent cerebral infarction as well as all-cause mortality in patients with LAAS, but not cerebral hemorrhage. Age and serum CRP levels are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with LAAS.
文章引用:栾墨馨, 宋晓倩, 金晨阳, 郑雪平. 大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死患者脑微出血的危险因素及预后分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 430-436. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441040

1. 引言

大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死(large artery atherosclerotic stroke, LAAS)是急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke, AIS)最常见的亚型之一,常与脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease, CSVD)共存。LAAS患者常合并不同程度的CSVD影像学表现,既往已有研究证实CSVD与LAAS患者脑梗死复发有关 [1] 。Wang X等人的研究结果表明CSVD负荷不能精准预测LAAS患者的功能结局 [2] 。脑微出血(cerebral microbleeds, CMB)是一种典型的CSVD的影像标志物,其与脑梗死后出血转化、颅内出血和认知功能障碍等密切相关 [3] ,鹿特丹研究纳入了4759名年龄 ≥ 45岁的参与者,研究发现与无微出血者相比,提示脑淀粉样血管病部位有脑微出血的参与者颅内出血的风险增加,其他部位的脑微出血与缺血性卒中和脑出血的风险增加有关 [4] 。目前CMB对LAAS患者预后的影响尚无定论,因此,我们对合并CMB的LAAS患者进行了回顾性观察队列研究,以期为临床诊疗提供参考。

2. 研究对象及方法

2.1. 研究对象

本研究为回顾性队列研究,纳入2016~2022年就诊于青岛大学附属医院的大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死(LAAS)患者353例。根据有无脑微出血(CMB)分为有CMB组(n = 147)及无CMB组(n = 206)。

纳入标准:1) 确诊缺血性卒中患者均符合《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018》 [5] 中的诊断标准;2) 已完善磁敏感加权成像(SWI)检查;3) 根据TOAST分型 [6] 诊断为大动脉粥样硬化型脑梗死;4) 临床资料完整。

排除标准:1) 合并明显心、肝、肾功能不全疾病;2) 近6个月内有颅内出血史;3) 入院前1个月、治疗、随访期间使用抗凝药物;4) 进行溶栓治疗;5) 心源性卒中。

2.2. 研究内容及方法

2.2.1. 数据收集

住院期间收集患者的基线资料,一般资料包括年龄、性别、身体质量指数、空腹血糖、糖尿病史、高血压史、冠心病史、吸烟史、饮酒史,实验室指标包括低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇、甘油三脂、尿素氮、肌酐、C反应蛋白、血同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白,影像学资料包括脑白质疏松程度以及脑微出血的数量及部位。

2.2.2. 随访

研究随访开始时间为2021年5月,最终截止时间为2023年10月,间隔时间均大于1年。随访方法:通过门诊、住院、电话随访等方式在患者出院进行随访,记录患者服药情况、是否出现颅内出血、脑梗死复发和死亡事件及其发生时间。

2.3. 统计学方法

使用SPSS26.0统计软件进行数据分析,定性资料(%)采用c2检验,近似正态分布的定量资料( x ¯ ± s)采用t检验;影响因素采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,采用Kaplan-Meir生存分析法、COX风险回归分析法进行预后分析;认为P < 0.05具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 基线资料分析

根据有无脑微出血将LAAS患者的一般情况和临床特征分为两组进行比较(表1),两组在年龄(P = 0.026)、空腹血糖(P = 0.046)、高血压病史(P = 0.003)差异有统计学意义。将年龄、高血压病、饮酒史等可能影响LAAS患者脑微出血的危险因素进行单因素分析,最终纳入多因素Logistic回归分析因素有年龄、空腹血糖、高血压病史,结果显示年龄(P = 0.043)和高血压病史(P = 0.004)是发生CMB的LAAS患者的危险因素(表2)。

Table 1. Analysis of baseline data

表1. 基线资料分析

Table 2. Multifactor logistic regression analysis

表2. 多因素logistic回归分析

3.2. 生存分析

对两组患者进行Kaplan-Meier生存分析,患者总体平均生存时间为69.2个月,有CMB组平均生存时间为59.2个月,无CMB组平均生存时间为79.1个月,有CMB组比无CMB组的累积生存率更低(见图1)。

将脑梗死复发、颅内出血或全因死亡定义为结局事件,共计84例在随访期间发生结局事件,其中有CMB组55例,无CMB组36例。对两组数据进行单因素COX回归分析(表3),结果显示,两组在再发脑梗死、死亡结局上均存在显著差异,CMB组更易发生以上结局,而在颅内出血结局上两组无显著差异。总体而言,有CMB的患者比没有CMB的患者预后更差(HR = 0.397, 95% CI, 0.260~0.606; P = 0.000)。进一步对有CMB患者进行多因素COX回归分析示年龄(HR = 1.063, 95% CI, 1.015~1.133; P = 0.010)和血清CRP水平(HR = 1.015, 95% CI, 1.003~1.026; P = 0.011)是合并CMB的LAAS患者的预后不良的危险因素。

Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for both groups

图1. 两组Kaplan-Meier生存曲线

Table 3. Comparison of clinical outcomes between the two groups

表3. 两组临床结局比较

4. 讨论

CMB与大动脉粥样硬化(large artery atherosclerosis, LAA)常常共存,且具有许多共同的危险因素,如高龄和血压控制不佳。在本研究中,多因素logistic回归分析显示年龄和高血压病史是LAAS患者CMB的独立危险因素。与本研究结论类似,XIA Y等人的研究共纳入317名 ≥ 60岁且排除中风或痴呆的成年人,受试者在试验开始及随访时接受了临床检查及颅脑核磁共振检查,评估基线和随访时的CMB位置及数量。研究人员根据ACC/AHA指南将基线血压分为四类:正常血压、收缩压升高、1期高血压和2期高血压,结果显示基线1期和2期高血压的参与者发生CMB的风险显着升高 [7] 。另一项研究表明,高血压持续时间与CMB数量密切相关 [8] 。年龄和高血压病引起CMB的机制目前尚不明确,动脉硬化可能起到重要作用,随着年龄增长和高血压的存在动脉壁的弹性和顺应性逐渐降低,大–中动脉的缓冲功能下降,血流搏动增加,传递了过量的动力到远端,导致在大脑这样高血流器官中小血管壁受损以及内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞的撕裂,破坏脑小血管产生CMB [9] 。高血压血管病变引起的CMB主要集中于大脑深部(丘脑、基底神经节、脑干)和小脑。一项针对65岁以上人群、排除痴呆的前瞻性队列研究发现,颈动脉硬化的局部测量值(硬化指数)与大脑深部或幕下区域的发生CMB的风险增加有关 [10] 。对于发生LAAS后的血压管理时机和最佳血压范围尚无确切结论,在AIS患者血压管理的相关指南中,欧洲卒中组织建议接受静脉溶栓治疗的AIS患者尽早适度控制血压,避免血压水平 > 180/105 mmHg,对于不符合静脉溶栓或机械取栓条件的AIS患者应谨慎对待血压管理,建议大多数患者在最初24小时内不要积极降低血压,除非血压水平过高或者伴随的特定情况才需要快速降低血压 [11] 。

CRP是炎症的敏感性指标,血清CRP可反映脑卒中、组织损伤或并发感染的全身炎症反应的程度 [12] 。炎症是动脉粥样硬化发展的关键因素,当组织受损时,炎症反应系统被激活,巨噬细胞在受损组织中积聚并释放大量IL-6和TNFα,从而诱导肝脏合成大量CRP,CRP可与LDL结合存在于动脉粥样硬化斑块中,在动脉粥样硬化的早期阶段即可检测到,并在动脉粥样硬化的进展过程中积累 [13] 。在本研究中,CRP水平的升高提示LAAS预后不良,增加了再发脑梗死、颅内出血和全因死亡的风险。既往一项纳入10,404例患者的队列研究发现在颈内/颈外动脉狭窄的AIS患者中,CRP升高与缺血性卒中、新发缺血或出血性卒中、联合血管事件(包括缺血性卒中、出血性卒中、心肌梗死或血管死亡)相关 [14] 。另有研究表明CRP是预测LAAS患者功能结局的重要生物标志物 [15] [16] ,基线CRP水平高预示LAAS患者功能结局较差。他汀类药物具有抗炎及稳定动脉斑块的作用,一项多中心随机试验证实,普伐他汀可以降低非心源性脑梗死的患者的复发脑梗死的风险 [17] ,将其应用于LAAS患者的临床管理中或可改善预后。

综上,本研究发现合并CMB的LAAS危险因素包括年龄和高血压病史,CMB增加了LAAS患者再发脑梗死以及全因死亡的风险,年龄和CRP水平提示不良预后。由于本研究为回顾性研究,未能对所有可能的混杂因素进行控制,且样本量偏小,具有一定的局限性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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