社会变迁与人类发展—亟待探究和富有挑战的领域
Social Change and Individual Development—A Challenging Area that Needs to Be Explored
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2018.812210, PDF,   
作者: 李梦园, 邢淑芬：首都师范大学心理学院，北京；熊昱可：北京师范大学心理学部，北京
关键词: 社会变迁；个体发展；理论视角；研究方法；Social Change； Individual Development； Theoretical Perspectives； Research Methods
摘要: 当今社会正经历着快速的科技和文化变迁，对个体的认知和行为发展产生积极或消极影响，为了帮助个体更好地适应社会的急剧变化，社会心理学和发展心理学家亟待探究社会变迁与个体发展。文化历史理论、生命历程理论和多元建构理论从不同的视角阐述了社会变迁与个体发展的关系，该领域的研究主要采用城乡比较、跨文化研究、出生组设计和横断历史分析法等研究设计，揭示了社会变迁对个体的认知、行为、价值观、人格特质等的影响。未来研究应更多地关注科技变迁对个体发展的影响，社会变迁影响个体发展的内在心理机制和个体差异性，尤其是加强我国社会变迁背景下的处境不利儿童的发展研究。
Abstract: Today’s society is undergoing rapid technological and cultural changes, which have positive or negative effects on individual cognitive and behavioral development. In order to help individuals to better adapt to the dramatic change of society, it is necessary for social psychologists and developmental psychologists to study social change and individual development. The existing cultural-historical theory, life-course theory and pluralist-constructivist theory expound the relationship between social change and individual development from different perspectives. The studies in this special section mainly use methods, such as urban-rural comparison, cross-cultural study, historical cohort design and cross-temporal meta-analysis and reveal the effects of social change on individual cognition, behavior, values, personality and so on. Future research should pay more attention to the impact of technological change on individual development, the internal psychological mechanism and individual differences in the connection between social change and individual development, and strengthen the study on the development of disadvantaged children in the context of social change in China.
文章引用：李梦园, 邢淑芬, 熊昱可 (2018). 社会变迁与人类发展—亟待探究和富有挑战的领域. 心理学进展, 8(12), 1804-1817. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2018.812210

参考文献

[1] 何敏(2013). 跨文化研究之研究. 中外企业家, (14), 252-252.
[2] 桑志芹, 肖静怡, 吴垠(2016). 社会变迁下大学新生心理健康状况研究. 江苏高教, (6), 134-138.
[3] 申继亮(2009). 处境不利儿童的心理发展现状与教育对策研究. 北京市: 经济科学出版社.
[4] 田园, 明桦, 黄四林, 孙玲(2017). 2004至2013年中国大学生人格变迁的横断历史研究. 心理发展与教育, 33(1), 30-36.
[5] 辛自强, 池丽萍(2008). 社会变迁中的青少年. 北京市: 北京师范大学出版社.
[6] 周宪(2011). 跨文化研究: 方法论与观念. 学术研究, (10), 127-133.
[7] Ananat, E., Gassman-Pines, A., & Gibson-Dacis, C. M. (2011). The Effects of Local Employment Losses on Children’s Educational Achievement. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 19, 765-774.
[8] Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary Argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 182-186.[CrossRef] 
[9] Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influence. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885-908.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2013). Beyond Risk, Resilience, and Dysregulation: Phenotypic Plasticity and Human Development. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1243-1261.[CrossRef] 
[11] Bengtson, V. L., & Lovejoy, M. C. (1973). Values, Personality, and Social Structure: An Intergenerational Analysis. American Behavioral Scientist, 16, 880-912.[CrossRef] 
[12] Bergeron, N., & Schneider, B. H. (2005). Explaining Cross-National Differences in Peer Directed Aggression: A Quantitative Synthesis. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 116-137.[CrossRef] 
[13] Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & Hoorn, A. V. (2015). Are Scores on Hofstede’s Dimensions of National Culture Stable over Time? A Cohort Analysis. Global Strategy Journal, 5, 223-240.[CrossRef] 
[14] Boduroglu, A., & Shah, P. (2017). Cultural Differences in Attentional Breadth and Resolution. Culture & Brain, 5, 169-181.[CrossRef] 
[15] Chang, Y.-L., Chen, H.-C., Wu, I.-C., Chang, J.-H., & Wu, C.-L. (2017). Developmental Trends of Divergent Thinking and Feeling across Different Grades for Taiwanese Adolescence between 1990’s and 2010’s. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 23, 112-128.[CrossRef] 
[16] Cheah, C. S. L., Leung, C. Y. Y., & Zhou, N. (2013). Understanding “Tiger Parenting” through the Perceptions of Chinese Immigrant Mothers: Can Chinese and US Parenting Coexist? Asian American Journal of Psychology, 4, 30-40.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Chen, B., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Petegem, S. V., & Beyer, W. (2016). Where Do the Cultural Differences in Dynamics of Controlling Parenting Lie? Adolescents as Active Agents in the Perception of and Coping with Parental Behavior. Psychologica Belgica, 56, 169-192.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Chen, X. Y. (2012). Human Development in the Context of Social Change: Introduction. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 321-325.[CrossRef] 
[19] Chen, X. Y. (2015). Exploring the Implications of Social Change for Human Development: Perspectives, Issues and Future Directions. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 56-59.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Chen, X. Y., DeSouza, A. T., Chen, H. C., & Wang, L. (2006). Reticent Behavior and Experiences in Peer Interactions in Chinese and Canadian Children. Developmental Psychology, 42, 656-665.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Chen, X. Y., Li, D., Liu, J. S., Chen, H. C., & Zhao, S. (2016). Judgments of Damage to Public versus Private Property in Chinese Children at Different Historical Times. Developmental Science, 21, 1-7.
[22] Chen, X. Y., Wang, L., & Wang, Z. Y. (2009). Shyness-Sensitivity and Social, School, and Psychological Adjustment in Rural Migrant and Urban Children in China. Child Development, 80, 1499-1513.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Cheung, P. C., Lau, S., Lubart, T., Chu, D. H. W., & Storme, M. (2016). Creative Potential of Chinese Children in Hong Kong and French Children in Paris: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Divergent and Convergent-Integrative Thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 22, 201-211.[CrossRef] 
[24] Choudhary, P., & Velaga, N. R. (2017). Mobile Phone Use during Driving: Effects on Speed and Effectiveness of Driver Compensatory Behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 106, 370-378.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Cole, P. M., Tamang, B. L., & Shrestha, S. (2006). Cultural Variations in the Socialization of Young Children’s Anger and Shame. Chid Development, 77, 1237-1251.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] De Looze, M. E., van Dorsselaer, S. A. F. M., Monshouwer, K., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2017). Trends in Adolescent Alcohol Use in the Netherlands, 1992-2015: Differences across Sociodemographic Groups and Links with Strict Parental Rule-Setting. International Journal of Drug Policy, 50, 90-101.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Demir, K., & Akpinar, E. (2018). The Effect of Mobile Learning Applications on Students’ Academic Achievement and Attitudes toward Mobile Learning. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 6, 48-59.[CrossRef] 
[28] Dutton, E., Bakhiet, S. F., Ziada, K. E., Essa, Y. A. S., & Blahmar, T. A. M. (2017). A Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese Capital. Intelligence, 63, 51-55.[CrossRef] 
[29] Elder, G. H. Jr. (1995). The Life Course Paradigm: Social Change and Individual Development. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder Jr., & K. Lüscher (Eds.), Examining Lives in Context: Perspectives on the Ecology of Human Development (pp. 101-139). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.[CrossRef] 
[30] Elder, G. H. Jr. (1998). The Life Course as Developmental Theory. Child Development, 69, 1-12.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Fung, H. H., Ho, Y. W., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., Noels, K. A., & Tam, K.-P. (2016). Age Differences in Personal Values: Universal or Cultural Specific? Psychology and Aging, 31, 274-286.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] García, C., Rivera, N., & Greenfield, P. M. (2015). The Decline of Cooperation, the Rise of Competition: Developmental Effects of Long-Term Social Change in Mexico. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 1-6.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem, 1988-2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis. Review of General Psychology, 14, 261-268.[CrossRef] 
[34] Glonti, K., Gordeev, V. S., Goryakin, Y., Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., & Roberts, B. (2015). A Systematic Review on Health Resilience to Economic Crises. PLoS ONE, 10, e0123117.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Greenfield, P. M. (2009). Linking Social Change and Developmental Change: Shifting Pathways of Human Development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 401-418.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Greenfield, P. M. (2016). Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 84-92.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Hardell, L. (2017). Effects of Mobile Phones on Children’s and Adolescents’ Health: A Commentary. Child Development, 89, 137-140.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Inglehart, R. F., Ponarin, E., & Inglehart, R. C. (2017). Cultural Change, Slow and Fast: The Distinctive Trajectory of Norms Governing Gender Equality and Sexual Orientation. Social Forces, 95, 1313-1340.[CrossRef] 
[39] Johnson, M. K., Staff, J., Patrick, M. E., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2017). Adolescent Adaptation before, during and in the Aftermath of the Great Recession in the USA. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 9-18.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Jonck, P., Walt, F. V. D., & Sobayeni, N. (2017). A Generational Perspective on Work Values in a South African Sample. Sa Journal of Industrial Psychology, 43, 1-9.[CrossRef] 
[41] Jun, S. (2016). The Reciprocal Longitudinal Relationships between Mobile Phone Addiction and Depressive Symptoms among Korean Adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 179-186.[CrossRef] 
[42] Kağitçibasi, Ç. (1996a). Family and Human Development across Cultures: A View from the Other Side. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[43] Kağitçibasi, Ç. (1996b). The Autonomous-Relational Self: A New Synthesis. European Psychologist, 1, 180-186.
[44] Kağitçibasi, Ç. (2013). Adolescent Autonomy-Relatedness and the Family in Cultural Context: What Is Optimal? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23, 223-235.
[45] Kağitçibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of Children and Family Change: A Three-Decade Portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology, 54, 317-337.[CrossRef] 
[46] Keller, H., & Otto, H. (2009). The Cultural Socialization of Emotion Regulation during Infancy. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 996-1011.[CrossRef] 
[47] Kim, K. H. (2011). The Creativity Crisis: The Decrease in Creative Thinking Scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 285-295.[CrossRef] 
[48] Kim, Y., Chen, H.-T., & Wang, Y. (2016). Living in the Smartphone Age: Examining the Conditional Indirect Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Political Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60, 694-713.[CrossRef] 
[49] King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., & Nasser, R. (2017). Different Goals for Different Folks: A Cross-Cultural Study of Achievement Goals across Nine Cultures. Social Psychology of Education, 20, 619-642.[CrossRef] 
[50] Komiya, A., Oishi, S., & Lee, M. (2016). The Rural-Urban Difference in Interpersonal Regret. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 513-525.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Leckelt, M., Back, M. D., Foster, J. D., Hutteman, R., Jaeger, G., McCain, J., Campbell, W. K. et al. (2016). Entering Adulthood in a Recession Tempers Later Narcissism-But Only in Men. Journal of Research in Personality, 60, 8-11.[CrossRef] 
[52] Liu, D., & Xin, Z. Q. (2014). Birth Cohort and Age Changes in the Self-Esteem of Chinese Adolescents: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 1996-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 366-376.[CrossRef] 
[53] Liu, J., & Lynn, R. (2013). An Increase of Intelligence in China 1986-2012. Intelligence, 41, 479-481.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[54] Luria, A. R. (1976). Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[55] Manago, A. M. (2014). Connecting Societal Change to Value Differences across Generations: Adolescents, Mothers, and Grandmothers in a Maya Community in Southern Mexico. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45, 868-887.[CrossRef] 
[56] Manago, A. M., Guan, S.-S., & Greenfield, P. (2015). New Media Social Change and Human Development from Adolescence through the Transition to Adulthood. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Development and Culture: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 519-534). New York: Oxford University Press.
[57] Maynard, A. E., Greenfield, P. M., & Childs, C. P. (2015). Developmental Effects of Economic and Educational Change: Cognitive Representation in Three Generations across 43 Years in a Maya Community. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 12-19.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Morling, B., & Lamoreaux, M. (2008). Measuring Culture outside the Head: A Meta-Analysis of Individualism-Collectivism in Cultural Products. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 199-221.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[59] Moulin, K. L., & Chung, C.-J. (2017). Technology Trumping Sleep: Impact of Electronic Media and Sleep in Late Adolescent Students. Journal of Education and Learning, 6, 294-321.[CrossRef] 
[60] Naumov, A. I., & Puffer, S. M. (2000). Measuring Russian Culture Using Hofstede’s Dimensions. Applied Psychology, 49, 709-718.[CrossRef] 
[61] Oliveira, S. D., & Nisbett, R. E. (2017). Beyond East and West: Cognitive Style in Latin America. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 1554-1577.[CrossRef] 
[62] Park, H., Coello, J. A., & Lau, A. S. (2014). Child Socialization Goals in East Asian versus Western Nations from 1989 to 2010: Evidence for Social Change in Parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 14, 69-91.[CrossRef] 
[63] Park, H., & Lau, A. S. (2016). Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Priorities: Child Independence and Obedience around the World. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78, 43-59.[CrossRef] 
[64] Park, H., Twenge, J. M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2017). American Undergraduate Students’ Value Development during the Great Recession. International Journal of Psychology, 52, 28-39.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Perera, E. L. S. J. (2017). Fertility Transition in Sri Lanka: Is It a Temporary Phenomenon? Journal of Biosocial Science, 49, S116-S130.
[66] Perry, N. B., Leerkes, E. M., Dunbar, A. S., & Cavanaugh, A. M. (2017). Gender and Ethnic Differences in Young Adults’ Emotional Reactions to Parental Punitive and Minimizing Emotion Socialization Practices. Emerging Adulthood, 5, 83-92.[CrossRef] 
[67] Raeff, C., Greenfield, P. M., & Quiroz, B. (2000). Conceptualizing Interpersonal Relationships in the Cultural Contexts of Individualism and Collectivism. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 87, 59-74.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Ramirez, J., Oshin, L., & Milan, S. (2017). Imagining Her Future: Diversity in Mothers’ Socialization Goals for Their Adolescent Daughters. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 593-610.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[69] Raval, V. V., Li, X., Deo, N., & Hu, J. (2018). Reports of Maternal Socialization Goals, Emotion Socialization Behaviors and Child Functioning in China and India. Journal of Family Psychology, 32, 81-91.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Rhode, A. K., Voyer, B. G., & Gleibs, I. H. (2016). Does Language Matter? Exploring Chinese-Korean Differences in Holistic Perception. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-10.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[71] Rubin, K. H., Hemphill, S. A., Chen, X. Y., Hastings, P., Sanson, A., Coco, A. L., Cui, L. Y. et al. (2006). A Cross-Cultural Study of Behavioral Inhibition in Toddlers: East-West-North-South. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30, 219-226.[CrossRef] 
[72] Schooler, C., Caplan, L. J., Mounkoro, P. P., & Diakité, C. (2017). Social Change and Psychological Change in Rural Mali. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 52, 965-981.[CrossRef] 
[73] Schoon, I. (2010). Planning for the Future: Changing Education Expectations in Three British Cohorts. Historical Social Research, 35, 99-119.
[74] Seo, D. G., Park, Y., Kim, M. K., & Park, J. (2016). Mobile Phone Dependency and Its Impacts on Adolescents’ Social and Academic Behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 282-292.[CrossRef] 
[75] Sha, J. Y., & Zhang, X. K. (2016). A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Chinese College Students’ Self-Esteem: 1993-2013. Advances in Psychological Science, 24, 1712-1722.[CrossRef] 
[76] Smits, I. A. M., Dolan, C. V., Vorst, H. C. M., Wicherts, J. M., & Timmerman, M. E. (2011). Cohort Differences in Big Five Personality Factors over a Period of 25 Years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 1124-1138.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[77] Steele, L. G., & Lynch, S. M. (2013). The Pursuit of Happiness in China: Individualism, Collectivism, and Subjective Well-Being during China’s Economic and Social Transformation. Social Indicators Research, 114, 441-451.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[78] Sunar, D. (2009). Mothers’ and Fathers’ Child Rearing Practices and Self-Esteem in Three Generations of Urban Turkish Families. In S. Bekman, & A. Aksu-Koc (Eds.), Perspectives on Human Development, Family and Culture (pp. 126-139). New York: Cambridge University Press.[CrossRef] 
[79] Tamis-Lemonda, C. S., Way, N., Hughes, D., Yoshikawa, H., Kalman, R. K., & Niwa, E. Y. (2008). Parents’ Goals for Children: The Dynamic Coexistence of Individualism and Collectivism in Cultures and Individuals. Social Development, 17, 183-209.
[80] Thein-Lemelson, S. M. (2015). Grooming and Cultural Socialization: A Mixed Method Study of Caregiving Practices in Burma (Myanmar) and the United States. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 37-46.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[81] Tomasik, M. J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2012). Social Change and Adolescent Developmental Tasks: The Case of Post Communist Europe. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 326-334.
[82] Twenge, J. M. (1997). Changes in Masculine and Feminine Traits over Time: A Meta-Analysis. Sex Roles, 36, 305-325.[CrossRef] 
[83] Twenge, J. M. (2000). The Age of Anxiety? Birth Cohort Change in Anxiety and Neuroticism, 1952-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1007-1021.[CrossRef] 
[84] Twenge, J. M. (2001). Changes in Women’s Assertiveness in Response to Status and Role: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 1931-1993. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 133-145.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[85] Twenge, J. M. (2009). Change over Time in Obedience: The Jury’s Still out, But It Might Be Decreasing. American Psychologist, 60, 28-31.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[86] Twenge, J. M., & Foster, J. D. (2008). Mapping the Scale of the Narcissism Epidemic: Increases in Narcissism 2002-2007 within Ethnic Groups. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1619-1622.[CrossRef] 
[87] Twenge, J. M., Gentile, B., & Campbell, W. K. (2015). Birth Cohort Differences in Personality. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, M. L. Cooper, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 4: Personality Processes and Individual Differences (pp. 535-551). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.[CrossRef] 
[88] Twenge, J. M., Zhang, L. Q., & Im, C. (2004). It’s beyond My Control: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Increasing Externality in Locus of Control, 1960-2002. Personality and Social Psy-chology Review, 8, 308-319.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[89] Van Erp, K. J. P. M., van der Zee, K. I., Giebels, E., & van Duijn, M. A. J. (2014). Lean on Me: The Importance of One’s Own and Partner’s Intercultural Personality for Expatriate’s and Expatriate Spouse’s Successful Adjustment Abroad. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 706-728.[CrossRef] 
[90] Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[91] Weber, D., Dekhtyar, S., & Herlitz, A. (2017). The Flynn Effect in Europe-Effects of Sex and Region. Intelligence, 60, 39-45.[CrossRef] 
[92] Wegman, L. A., Hoffman, B. J., Carter, N. T., Twenge, J. M., & Guenole, N. (2018). Placing Job Characteristics in Context: Cross Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Job Characteristics since 1975. Journal of Management, 44, 352-386.[CrossRef] 
[93] Weiland, G., & Yoshikawa, H. (2012). The Effects of Large-Scale Economic Change and Policies on Children’s Developmental Contexts and Developmental Outcomes. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 342-350.
[94] Weinstock, M., Ganayiem, M., Igbaryia, R., Manago, A. M., & Greenfield, P. M. (2015). Societal Change and Values in Arab Communities in Israel: Intergenerational and Rural-Urban Comparisons. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 19-38.[CrossRef] 
[95] Wilson, J., Ward, C., & Fischer, R. (2013). Beyond Culture Learning Theory: What Can Personality Tell Us about Cultural Competence? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 900-927.[CrossRef] 
[96] Wongupparaj, P., Wongupparaj, R., Kumari, V., & Morris, R. G. (2017). The Flynn Effect for Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis. Intelligence, 64, 71-80.[CrossRef] 
[97] Zhang, L. L., & Eggum-Wilkens, N. D. (2018). Correlates of Shyness and Unsociability during Early Adolescence in Urban and Rural China. Journal of Early Adolescence, 38, 408-421.[CrossRef]