关节镜单束重建前交叉韧带股骨隧道定位选择的进展
Progress in the Selection of Femoral Tunnel Location for Arthroscopic Single-Bundle Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
摘要: 随着国家经济的发展,人们的生活水平得到明显的提升,运动需求变得尤为突出,随之而来的便是运动损伤。膝关节前交叉韧带断裂是较为常见的运动损伤,治疗手段以关节镜下单束韧带重建为主。前交叉韧带重建术的关键因素包括:移植物种类的选择、移植物的直径、骨隧道的定位、移植物的固定方式等。其中骨隧道定位尤为重要,包括股骨隧道及胫骨隧道。单束重建前交叉韧带时,股骨隧道定位的选择随着前交叉韧带的解剖和生物力学研究的不断深入出现了多种不同理念,每种理念都有自身的理论依据、优势及不足。本文就关节镜下前交叉韧带单束重建术中股骨隧道定位选择的进展做一综述,以期对手术方式选择提供参考。
Abstract: With the development of national economy, people’s living standards have been significantly im-proved. Sports needs become particularly prominent, followed by sports injuries. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common sports injury. Arthroscopic single-bundle ligament recon-struction is the main treatment for ACL rupture. The key factors of anterior cruciate ligament re-construction include: the choice of graft type, the diameter of graft, the location of bone tunnel, and the fixation of graft. Among them, the positioning of bone tunnels is particularly important, including femoral tunnels and tibial tunnels. With the development of the anatomy and biome-chanics of anterior cruciate ligament, a variety of preparation methods have been developed for the selection of femoral tunnel positioning in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Each method has its own theoretical basis, advantages and disadvantages. This article reviews the progress in the selection of femoral tunnel location in arthroscopic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, in order to provide reference for the selection of surgical methods.
文章引用:高飞, 张民泽. 关节镜单束重建前交叉韧带股骨隧道定位选择的进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(4): 6160-6167. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.134868

1. 引言

在日常的临床工作中,前交叉韧断裂是最常见的运动损伤 [1] 。前交叉韧带(ACL)给膝关节提供了前后向及旋转稳定性,对我们日常生活中的各种动作如:跑步、攀爬、转向等至关重要;主要的治疗方法是前交叉韧带重建术,目的是恢复膝关节运动功能,较少胫骨前后方向的位移及改善旋转松弛,同时防止后期损伤关节内其他结构 [2] [3] [4] 。影响前交叉韧带重建术后疗效的关键因素包括:移植物的种类、移植物的直径、移植物的固定方式、移植物张力、骨质形态的个体差异及股骨、胫骨骨道位置的选择等,特别是股骨骨道位点的选取,不同的骨道位点对应不同的移植物张力及长度,因此出现了等长重建、解剖重建以及I.D.E.A.L理念。本文将对这些方法做以归纳总结,从而能够更好的指导临床工作。

2. 前交叉韧带(Anterior Cruciate Ligament, ACL)的解剖

前交叉韧带是连接于股骨与胫骨之间的一段致密结缔组织,当膝关节处于伸直位时,ACL的长度平均为32 mm,宽度平均为7~12 mm,分为前内侧束(anteromedial bundle, AMB)及后外侧束(posterolateral bundle, PLB),受胫神经后关节支支配,血供来源于膝中动脉分支 [5] 。王建全、敖英芳 [6] 等通过尸体研究发现:ACL前内侧束在膝关节的运动中始终保持紧张,具有较好的等长性,前内侧束止点前上部接近over-the-top区纤维是其旋转轴心,与前内侧束中心点的纤维相比等长性更好,是手术重建时的关键点。后外侧束只有在接近伸直和屈曲较大角度时紧张。

ACL股骨外侧髁止点:Yasuda [7] 等描述了ACL股骨足印区的形状类似于鸡蛋。被大部分学者接受的观点是股骨外髁止点有两个重要的骨性标志,即住院医师嵴(resident, ridge)和股骨外髁侧壁分叉嵴(lateral bifurcate ridge)。住院医师嵴走行横跨整个ACL的足印区直到软骨缘,ACL位于嵴的下方。分叉嵴也位于住院医师嵴下方,将足印区分为两个区域,近端为AMB止点区域,远端为PLB止点区域。Hutchinson和Ash [8] 报道的尸体膝关节解剖研究中,90%的标本中出现了住院医师嵴。Mario Ferretti [9] 等认为ACL股骨止点始终呈现出一种特征性的解剖形态,即外侧髁间嵴(lateral intercondylar ridge),同时还伴随出现的是位于AMB与PLB股骨止点之间的骨嵴,即外侧髁分叉嵴(lateral bifurcate ridge)。近些年Robert S’migielski [10] 等描述了ACL从股骨止点到韧带体部呈现出丝带样结构(ribbon-like structure),并且没有清晰的AMB和PLB的分界线。

ACL胫骨止点:Odensten and Gilquist [11] 等描述了ACL胫骨足印区的形状类似于椭圆形。Robert S’migielski [12] 等描述了ACL胫骨足印区的形状呈“C”形,平均宽度为12.6 mm,平均厚度为3.3 mm。

3. 等长重建

ACL等长重建是指在膝关节屈伸全程中,股骨骨道内口及胫骨骨道内口之间的移植物长度保持不变。早期我们对ACL作用的理解促成了重建ACL的观念,即ACL在膝关节运动过程中始终保持紧张,从而避免在某个角度下丧失作用,造成关节额外的异常活动。本文中ACL解剖中提到,AMB在膝关节的运动中始终保持紧张,具有较好的等长性,PLB只有在接近伸直和屈曲较大角度时紧张。因此,与生俱来的ACL并不是等长的。在实际手术过程中移植物在关节腔内两内口之间的长度也很难做到始终不变 [13] [14] [15] 。Hoher J [16] [17] 等提出一个概念,即在膝关节屈伸过程中移植物与骨道的相对位移(graft-tunnel motion, GTM)。上海华山医院的Fang Wan,MD,PhD,Tianwu Chen,MD [18] 认为他们的“类等长重建”可以最小化GTM,大约1.0~2.0 mm。

3.1. 等长重建股骨隧道定位方法

Aljaberi Mohammed;曾炳芳;赵金忠;张经伟 [19] 提出ACL重建时,胫骨隧道内口在ACL附着区中心与棘间区后缘之间的前后移位对移植物等距特性无明显影响,股骨隧道内口的移位对移植物的等距性有明显影响。因此强调了股骨隧道定位的重要性。

3.1.1. Over-The-Top位点

Over-the-top最早是一种技术,由Macintosh [20] 于1974年提出。该技术在股骨侧并不建立骨道,广泛用于由较大生长潜力的儿童患者或股骨隧道失效的翻修患者。我们所提到的over-the-top位点位于股骨髁间窝外侧壁和髁间窝顶部后方相交处附近,钟表法定位大约右膝11点钟,左膝1点钟。

3.1.2. Blumensaat线定位法

Zavrasd [21] 等通过6具尸体研究发现股骨等长点位于距离Blumensaat线后缘3 mm以远处(右膝10:30~11:00)。还有很多学者利用基于Blumensaat线的象限法进行股骨隧道位点的定位,很多报道也证实了此种方法的有效性。但Koji Iwasaki [22] 等的研究建议外科医生应该谨慎的使用象限法,因为Blumensaat线倾斜度的多样性影响了此方法的精确性。

3.2. 等长重建的缺点

早期多数医生都是在这一理念下重建ACL,随着大量临床实验数据分析,等长重建往往导致移植物较垂直,有很好的控制胫骨前移作用,但对于膝关节的旋转稳定性控制力较差。周敬滨 [23] 通过步态学研究,对40名实验对象分为2组进行前交叉韧带重建术,实验组行ACL解剖重建,对照组行ACL等长重建,术后6~24个月进行随访,利用Opti Knee步态分析仪对术后患者分别进行0度平板、15度上坡、15度下坡进行测试,等长重建和解剖重建上下坡同平板行走相比,均有明显变化;平地行走时,两组未见明显运动学差别,上坡行走时,解剖重建能更好控制胫骨前移,下坡行走时,解剖重建能更好控制旋转不稳。

3.3. 入路选择

3.3.1. 经胫骨隧道技术(Transtibial Technique, TT)

通常屈膝90˚位,先建立胫骨隧道,再通过胫骨隧道放置股骨隧道定位器。沿定位器钻入导针,随后选择匹配移植物直径的空心钻顺导针钻取骨道。TT法优点:切口少、手术时间短、并发症少、关节软骨损伤机会小等 [24] 。缺点:股骨隧道受限于胫骨隧道的位置;界面螺钉角度控制难度较大,有可能损伤移植物 [25] 。

3.3.2. 经膝关节前内侧入路技术法(Anteromedial Technique, AM)

经膝关节前内侧入路置入导向器,极度屈膝后沿定位器钻入导针,再选择匹配移植物直径的空心钻顺导针钻取骨道。此法优点:自由度较高,更容易达到预想位置;冠状面的倾斜度更大 [26] 。缺点:AM法股骨隧道在矢状面上更向后倾,长度可能偏短,影响移植物的腱骨愈合,骨道后壁爆裂可能性较高 [26] ;极度屈曲膝关节可能造成关节镜视野受限 [27] 。

3.3.3. 由外向内技术(Outside-In, OI)

通过专用导向器由外向内逆向钻取骨道。优点:相比AM法骨道更长;有更好的手术视野 [27] 。缺点:骨道倾斜角增大,移植物在隧道内口边缘存在磨损,影响腱骨愈合,同时存在再次断裂可能 [27] ;对器械依赖程度高。

4. 解剖重建

前文中提到的“ribbon-like”理论颠覆了以往对双束重建的认知,更多的学者开始关注解剖单束ACL重建。相对于等长重建,解剖重建更注重ACL的功能恢复,包括原始尺寸、胶原纤维的走行方向及止点 [28] 。

4.1. 解剖重建股骨隧道定位方法

4.1.1. ACL股骨残端中心

通常是AMB与PLB足印区的中心点 [29] 。但笔者有时候在镜下很难辨认此中心点,有些学者提出只要隧道口在足印区内,膝关节的稳定性不会受到影响 [30] 。

4.1.2. 住院医师棘下方分叉棘

一部分ACL断裂的病人病史较长,残端吸收或不易辨别,可选择住院医师嵴下方分叉嵴为骨道中心。如果骨性标志缺失,可以在镜下观察整个髁间窝外侧壁,将位点置入低于30%~35%的区域内 [31] 。

4.2. 解剖重建的优缺点

4.2.1. 优点

在一项随机对照研究中证实,轴移试验时ACL解剖重建可以减少前后位,增加旋转稳定性 [32] 。还有研究表明,做不到解剖重建,膝关节的运动特性较改变,后期发展为关节炎的几率更高 [33] [34] [35] 。

4.2.2. 缺点

手术量和技术的积累对ACL重建术后的效果有着很深的影响 [36] 。最近的一篇研究对比了高手术量(年手术量 > 35台)和低手术量(年手术量 < 35台)医生在判断解剖重建时股骨骨道位点的差异,低手术量的医生出现骨道位点判断偏差的几率较高 [37] 。因此,对于解剖重建而言,对年轻医生有较高的门槛。

4.3. 入路选择

4.3.1. 经胫骨隧道技术(Transtibial Technique, TT)

在ACL解剖重建中,TT技术因受胫骨骨道的限制,很难达到理想的位点,出现移植物过于垂直,影响旋转稳定性,对轴移改善不明显 [38] 。此法在实际手术过程中很少用到。

4.3.2. 经膝关节前内侧入路技术法(Anteromedial Technique, AM)和由外向内技术(Outside-In, OI)

AM和OI两种技术相比TT技术更能接近ACL股骨足印区的中心区域,可以覆盖足印区80%的区域 [39] 。大部分学者多采取AM入路,但是另外还需要建立内侧高位辅助观察入路。

5. I.D.E.A.L理念

随着Ribbon理论的提出,让我们对ACL的解剖有了更深层次的理解。在此基础上,Yasuyuki等 [40] 的体外实验将股骨髁间窝外侧壁ACL止点到体部进行分区,包括:前方扇形延伸区、中心直接止点区及后方扇形延伸区,在实验室条件下,抵抗胫骨前移的负荷中66%~84%是由ACL股骨止点中心偏近端接近髁间窝顶部的区域(即中心直接止点区)提供,与前内侧束的功能相符合,而扇形延伸区的作用较小。Pearle等 [41] 提出I.D.E.A.L理念,即股骨隧道定位点应重现原生ACL的等长性(Isometry),覆盖组织学上描述的直接纤维区域(Direct),落在足印区内更高且更深的足印区偏心区域(Eccentrically),因在足印区内所以具备解剖重建的优势(Anatomical),复刻原生ACL在膝关节屈曲、伸直全程的低张屈曲模式(Low tesion-flexion pattern)。通过TT技术或AM技术均可达到I.D.E.A.L位点。近几年,关于I.D.E.A.L理念,很多学者做出了实践。Chao Su,MS [42] 等在保留ACL残端的基础上利用I.D.E.A.L理念重建ACL,术后均有最低12个月的随访,临床结果令人满意。邹文,周明等 [43] 的研究探讨了I.D.E.A.L技术在ACL单束重建中股骨端定位的应用价值,认为采用I.D.E.A.L技术定位股骨端,有利于术后关节活动度及功能恢复,值得临床推广。韦继南,常青等 [44] 对比了解剖足迹法与I.D.E.A.L定位法重建ACL对术后功能康复的影响,发现两种方法均能恢复患者膝关节功能及稳定性,对患者术后早期康复无明显影响。

6. 小结

早期ACL重建更偏向于等长重建,位点定于过顶位(over-the-top),往往超越了ACL股骨位点足印区,相比解剖重建对抗胫骨旋转的能力不足。解剖重建有很好的抗旋转能力,但股骨隧道位点置于足印区中心点会增加移植物的张力,增加失效可能性。随着ACL的解剖及生物力学研究的不断深入,I.D.E.A.L理念从多个维度的考量来恢复膝关节的稳定性。但关于解剖重建和I.D.E.A.L理念疗效对比研究目前较少,所以需要更多研究从多个维度切入,客观与理性的分析各种股骨隧道定位的优缺点,能让治疗达到个性化、精准化的目的,为从事运动医学的医生提供治疗思路与研究方向。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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