兼谈《蜀道难》主题之辨与中国古代诗歌评论方法

Discussing the Theme of “The Road to Shu Is Difficult” and the Criticism Methods of Ancient Chinese Poetry

摘要: 《蜀道难》一诗主题历来聚讼纷纭，主要集中于讽刺玄宗幸蜀、刺严武、刺章仇兼琼以及实写蜀道之难等观点。除实写蜀道之难外，其余三种观点尽皆舛误。本文释证其讹，并从这些观点中，发现中国古代诗歌评论有过度追求本事之旧痼。诗歌评论多基于评论者所处的社会环境而发出，过度从读者角度寻绎作者创作心理亦有买椟还珠之嫌，本文并论此蠹弊。

Abstract: The theme of the poem “Hard Is the Way to Shu” has always been controversial, mainly focusing on the views of satirizing Xuanzong’s arrival to Shu, criticizing Yan Wu, criticizing Zhangchou Jianqiong, and describing the difficulties of the road to Shu. This article will explain and prove that except for the description of the difficulties of the Shu Road, the other three views are all wrong. From these points of view, we can see the problems in ancient Chinese poetry criticism of judging people and over-pursuing skills. This article will try to prove that comments on poetry are mostly based on the social environment in which the commentator lives, hence, excessive interpretation of the author’s creative psychology from the perspective of the reader may misunderstand the key points of the poem.