托珠单抗治疗结缔组织病相关间质性肺病的研究进展
Research Progress on Tocilizumab in the Treatment of Connective Tissue Disease-Related Interstitial Lung Disease
摘要: 结缔组织病(Connective-Tissue Disease, CTD)常累及全身各个器官,多种CTD如类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)、系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis, SSc)、系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)等易累及肺脏,严重影响呼吸功能,具有高致死率。目前,临床上多以免疫抑制剂、支持性治疗、抗纤维化治疗及抗氧化治疗为主,但其使用时长、维持和减停标准尚无明确指南,且部分患者疗效不佳。近年来,白介素-6受体(interleukin-6 receptor, IL-6R)拮抗剂托珠单抗(tocilizumab, TCZ)开始尝试应用于多种CTD-ILD患者,但其治疗方案、使用时长还有待探讨。本文将结合近年临床指南和学科进展,对国内外现有文献进行综述,总结TCZ在常见CTD-ILD使用中的研究进展,为临床实践提供参考。
Abstract: Connective-Tissue Disease (CTD) often affects various organs throughout the body. Various CTDs such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Sclerosis (SSc), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and other diseases can easily affect the lungs, seriously affect respiratory function, and have a high fatality rate. At present, immunosuppressants, supportive treatments, anti-fibrosis treatments and antioxidant treatments are the main clinical treatments. However, there are no clear guidelines for the duration of use, maintenance and reduction standards, and some patients have poor efficacy. In recent years, the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antagonist tocilizumab (TCZ) has begun to be ap-plied to a variety of CTD-ILD patients, but its treatment options and duration of use have yet to be explored. This article will review the existing literature at home and abroad based on clinical guide-lines and disciplinary progress in recent years, summarize the research progress of TCZ in the use of common CTD-ILD, and provide reference for clinical practice.
文章引用:刘保成, 杨清锐, 麻贞贞, 刘东霞. 托珠单抗治疗结缔组织病相关间质性肺病的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 2814-2820. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142397

1. 引言

肺间质病变(Interstitial Lung Disease, ILD)是一组异质性弥漫性炎症性疾病,主要累及肺部的间质区域,包括肺泡壁、间质和肺泡腔内的结构。这些疾病包括特发性间质性肺炎(Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia, IIP)、过敏性肺炎(Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, HP)、结节病(Sarcoidosis) [1] 、结缔组织病相关的肺间质性病变(Connective-Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial lung Disease, CTD-ILD)等。结缔组织病(CTD)是一组自身免疫性疾病,主要累及结缔组织的胶原蛋白、弹性纤维、基质和细胞等。这些疾病常累及多系统、多器官,如皮肤、关节、血管、肌肉、肺脏等。常见的结缔组织病包括类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis, RA)、系统性红斑狼疮(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)、系统性硬化症(Systemic Sclerosis, SSc)等。CTD-ILD是一种高发疾病,严重威胁呼吸功能,具有高致死率。据报道,CTD-ILD的发病率约为12.4%至34% [2] 。CTD-ILD患者可能会出现多种症状,包括呼吸困难、咳嗽、疲劳和胸痛等。

CTD-ILD的治疗旨在减轻炎症、控制免疫反应、减缓纤维化进程,并改善患者的呼吸功能和生活质量 [3] 。治疗CTD-ILD的常用策略包括:一、免疫抑制剂 [4] :包括糖皮质激素(如泼尼松)、免疫抑制剂(如甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤)和生物制剂 [5] (如雷米刚、阿达木单抗),这些药物可以抑制免疫反应和炎症,并减缓纤维化的进程。二、支持性治疗:包括氧疗、呼吸康复、营养支持等,以改善患者的呼吸功能和生活质量 [6] 。三、抗纤维化治疗:对于已经发生纤维化的患者,抗纤维化药物如胞嘧啶、尼莫地平、卡托普利等可减缓纤维化进程 [3] [7] 。四、抗氧化治疗:包括维生素E、N-乙酰半胱氨酸等,可减轻氧化应激和炎症反应,对一些患者可能有益 [8] 。

托珠单抗(tocilizumab, TCZ)作为一种白介素-6受体(interleukin-6 receptor, IL-6R)拮抗剂,在自身免疫性疾病中应用广泛。IL-6是一种多效细胞因子,主要由T细胞、巨噬细胞、成纤维细胞、滑膜细胞、内皮细胞及胶质细胞产生,在炎症介导的神经损伤中发挥重要作用 [9] 。IL-6R以可溶性和跨膜性受体2种形式存在,IL-6与2种受体结合,并与gp130结合磷酸化,共同作用触发下游信号转导和基因表达,发挥正常生理功能。大部分细胞表面缺乏跨膜性IL-6R,而gp130几乎存在于所有细胞,血清中存在大量可溶性IL-6R,因此IL-6在体内可发挥广泛作用。TCZ通过竞争性结合IL-6R,阻断IL-6与IL-6R结合,减轻IL-6所致的炎性反应 [10] 。国外文献报道及国内专家共识均推荐TCZ治疗CTD-ILD,近年来TCZ在CTD-ILD的应用逐渐增加,本文就TCZ在CTD-ILD中的应用进展进行综述。

2. RA

RA是一种自身免疫性疾病,主要表现为多发对称性小关节炎,其致残率较高,需要进行长期治疗以实现长期缓解。ILD是RA常见的表现之一 [11] ,一旦发生,将影响患者生存质量、药物选择以及导致感染并发症而死亡 [12] [13] [14] 。研究显示,RA-ILD的患病率约为20%,占所有RA患者死亡率的10%~20%,平均生存期为5~8年 [14] [15] 。导致RA-ILD的危险因素较多,包括性别、年龄、类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF)、骨侵蚀、高疾病活动度等 [16] [17] [18] 。近年来研究还发现,血清抗CarP抗体、MUC5B启动子变异等在RA-ILD的发病中起到一定作用 [19] [20] 。

目前,糖皮质激素联合免疫治疗(如环孢素)仍然是RA-ILD的首要治疗方法。近期研究显示,甲氨蝶呤(MTX)和来氟米特(LEF)与ILD的发病无明显相关性 [21] [22] [23] ,然而,临床使用仍需谨慎。RA-ILD的治疗一般优先选择阿巴西普(Abatacept)和利妥昔单抗(RTX) [24] [25] 。近年来,一些新型的靶向药物 [26] 如肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂、B细胞抑制剂和JAK抑制剂等也被用于治疗RA-ILD,并取得了一定的疗效。

2018年,Manfredi等人 [27] 报告了4例接受TCZ单药治疗的RA-ILD患者,其中RA缓解,ILD稳定或改善。随后,Otsuji等人 [28] 研究发现,12例RA-ILD患者给予TCZ治疗,可显著改善RA的疾病活动性,不会导致ILD进展。该研究结果表明,在RA和ILD患者中,TCZ可以安全使用,且不会加重ILD。Manfredi等 [29] 招募了28名接受至少一剂TCZ治疗的RA-ILD患者,对每位患者的疾病活动性和血清学数据进行评估,并分析了高分辨率计算机断层扫描(High-Resolution Computed Tomography, HRCT)和肺功能测试,包括用力肺活量(FVC)和肺一氧化碳弥散能力(DLCO)。随访30个月结束后,针对FVC和DLCO,14例(56%)患者保持稳定,5例(20%)改善,6例(24%)恶化。3例患者DLCO和FVC呈相反趋势。大多数病例(25例)的HRCT表现保持稳定,2例寻常型间质性肺炎患者的HRCT表现恶化,只有1例非特异性间质性肺炎患者的HRCT表现改善。该回顾性研究表明,TCZ在RA-ILD患者中表现出良好的安全性,并对稳定肺部有潜在作用。

3. SSc

SSc是一种罕见的自身免疫性疾病,其主要特征是皮肤和内脏器官的纤维化和血管异常 [30] [31] 。SSc常累及肺,ILD是常见的表现 [32] ,可发生于35%~52%的SSc患者 [33] ,占SSc死亡人数的15%~33% [34] 。与SSc患者进展性ILD相关的危险因素包括:弥漫性皮肤SSc、男性、非裔美国人种族和抗SCL-70抗体(也称为抗拓扑异构酶I抗体或ATA)的存在 [35] [36] 。目前临床上评估SSc-ILD的严重程度相关的其他指标包括疾病进展的影像学评估以及肺功能测试中DLCO (预测百分比)和FVC (预测百分比)的下降 [37] [38] 。

目前已经研究了许多治疗SSc-ILD的方法,包括免疫抑制疗法、抗纤维化药物、免疫调节剂、单克隆抗体、造血干细胞移植(Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT)和肺移植。自上一个指南发布以来,其他药物,如托珠单抗,已被批准用于减缓SSc-ILD患者肺功能下降的速度(美国标签) [39] 。

2020年,Mihai等人 [40] 报告了一例SSc-ILD并发COVID-19的患者,使用TCZ治疗,每4周静脉注射8 mg/kg,关节和SSc-ILD得到良好控制,肌肉骨骼和呼吸症状,肺功能和高分辨率CT成像逐渐改善。在2020年1月的最后一次年度评估中,她的FVC和DLCO分别为各自预测值的92%和70%,随后继续进行TCZ治疗,直至痊愈。该病例结果表明,对SSc-ILD进行IL-6阻断治疗可以预防严重的COVID-19的发展。Khanna D等人 [41] 招募了患有弥漫性皮肤SSc 60个月且急性期反应物升高的成人,包括ILD患者,在48周双盲期间每周接受安慰剂或TCZ 162 mg皮下注射,在48周至96周接受开放标签TCZ (安慰剂-TCZ;连续-TCZ),从基线到96周,安慰剂-TCZ组改良罗南皮肤评分的平均变化为−8.4,连续-TCZ组为−9.6。安慰剂-TCZ组的FVC平均变化为−3.3,连续TCZ组的FVC平均变化为−0.5,在随机分析中,弥漫性ILD的FVC平均变化分别为−4.1和−0.6。从48周到96周,安慰剂-TCZ组的严重不良事件发生率为14.8每100患者年,连续-TCZ组为15.8。该结果证实,TCZ保护了SSc患者(包括ILD患者)的肺功能,减缓了FVC的下降,长期安全性与TCZ的已知安全性一致。近期,Kudsi M等人 [42] 进行了一项研究,发现SSc-ILD患者罗德曼的得分为18分,皮下注射TCZ 162 mg,每2周1次,4周后,观察到罗德曼评分下降。并且在6个月后停止TCZ治疗,没有任何副作用。该研究证实了TCZ可能有效且相当安全,进一步的探索有望推进SSc-ILD治疗的新进展。

4. SLE

SLE是一种机体免疫系统异常激活的自身免疫性疾病,导致多个器官和系统受损,包括皮肤、关节、肾脏、心脏、肺部和中枢神经系统等,临床表现多样化,包括疲劳、关节痛、皮疹、肾炎等。相比其他CTD,SLE伴发ILD概率较低(8%~10%) [43] [44] 。

目前,SLE的治疗仍然存在挑战,因为传统的免疫抑制剂和激素治疗可能会导致严重的副作用,并且对于部分患者疗效不佳。近年来,一些新的治疗方法和药物也被引入SLE的治疗中。早期,Gabor G Illei等人 [44] 在一项开放标签I期剂量递增研究中发现,15例患者中,有8例患者的(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, SLEDAI)评分降低了4分或更多。7例基线时有关节炎的患者其关节炎均有所改善,其中4例缓解。这项研究表明,TCZ对于SLE患者的皮肤损害和炎症反应具有显著的改善作用。另一项研究提示 [45] ,TCZ治疗后,75%的患者病情得到改善。改良罗德曼皮肤评分平均降低11分,75%和80%的患者肌肉骨骼和关节受累得到改善,46%的患者肺功能得到改善。近期,Ma Chaoyi等人 [46] 报告了两例持续高热合并SLE患者,这两例患者的发烧及其他症状对广谱抗生素、抗真菌药物、抗病毒药物和糖皮质激素反应不佳,但是接受TCZ治疗后,体温恢复正常,关节痛等症状逐渐好转,并且通过随访得知,其病情至今保持稳定。该研究表明,TCZ可能是对初始抗生素和大剂量糖皮质激素无效的SLE合并持续性高热患者的替代治疗方法。陈建锋等研究发现,TCZ可以显著改善SLE患者的整体症状和生活质量,减轻关节炎和皮疹等症状 [47] 。此外,TCZ治疗组的疾病活动度和免疫炎症反应水平较对照组明显降低。同时,Shirota研究表明TCZ可以减少SLE患者的内脏器官损伤风险,特别是肾炎和心脏病变 [44] 。

5. 小结与展望

综上所述,尽管TCZ在CTD-ILD治疗中的潜力已经得到初步证实,但仍需要进一步的研究来确定其最佳用药方案、剂量和疗程。此外,还需要开展更多的临床试验以扩大样本量,并进行多中心研究,以验证TCZ在CTD-ILD治疗中的疗效和安全性。展望未来,随着对CTD-ILD病理机制的深入研究,我们对于TCZ在CTD-ILD治疗中的应用可能会有更多的认识。同时,与其他治疗药物的联合应用、个体化治疗和精准医学的发展,也将为CTD-ILD患者提供更多的治疗选择和更好的生活质量。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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