肝动脉灌注化疗对比肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的最新研究进展
The Latest Research Progress of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy versus Hepatic Arterial Chemoembolization in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
摘要: 对于巨大、不可切除肝癌,肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗效果一般较差,并发症发生率较高。目前已有研究证明肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)是一种安全的治疗方法,对于巨大的不可切除的肝癌,或伴有门静脉血栓(PVTT)患者,肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)组相比肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)组,患者有更好的生存获益。
Abstract: For large, unresectable liver cancer, hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is generally less ef-fective and has a higher complication rate. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has been shown to be a safe treatment for large, unresectable liver cancer or patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVTT), with better survival benefits in the HAIC group than in the TACE group.
文章引用:徐梦钰, 樊海宁. 肝动脉灌注化疗对比肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肝癌的最新研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 19883-19889. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122801

1. 肝癌的诱因、发病机制

肝细胞肝癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)占原发性肝癌的75%~85%,是全球第六大常见癌症和第四大癌症相关死亡原因 ‎[1] 。肝癌是一个复杂过程的结果,病因及发病机制尚未确定,目前认为与肝硬化、病毒性肝炎、黄曲霉毒素、饮水污染、饮酒、代谢综合征等因素相关。肝细胞肝癌与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型病毒性肝炎病毒(HCV)感染密切相关,我国肝细胞癌的主要背景为HBV感染,乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)特异性感染肝细胞并引起严重的肝脏疾病。HBV生命周期的独特之处在于基因组DNA(松弛环状部分双链DNA:rcDNA)被转化为分子模板DNA(共价闭合环状DNA:cccDNA)以扩增病毒RNA中间体,然后将其逆转录回病毒DNA。cccDNA高度稳定的特性导致慢性感染和治愈率低。因为肥胖、2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病(Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, NAFLD)正在取代病毒和酒精相关的肝脏疾病,成为主要的致病启动子。肝细胞肝癌致癌过程中损害了几个信号级联,如RAS/RAF/有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MEK)/细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸3-激酶(PI3K)/AKT/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)和Wnt/β-catenin信号传导。肝癌的三大病因是慢性乙型肝炎、慢性丙型肝炎和酒精性肝病 ‎[2] 。由于这种疾病的无症状性,超过一半的新发HCC患者就诊时处于不可切除的阶段 ‎[3] 。并且由于快速浸润的生长模式、同时存在多个肿瘤以及HCC相关症状的模糊性,只有30%的HCC患者可以有机会接受根治性治疗,而在亚洲,接受根治性治疗的患者更少 ‎[4] ‎[5] 。

2. 门静脉肿瘤血栓对机体影响

门静脉肿瘤血栓形成(Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus, PVTT)是HCC的常见并发症,与预后不良有关。PVTT治疗HCC患者较为复杂且存在争议 ‎[6] 。目前尚无国际公认的PVTT诊断和治疗HCC的共识或指南。目前巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期系统(Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, BCLC)是世界上最广泛接受的模型。因为它综合了肿瘤特征、总体健康状况和肝功能分期系统。手术切除、热消融和肝移植是早期HCC (巴塞罗那临床肝癌[BCLC] A期)患者的常规治疗方法。根据现有证据和目前的常见做法,中国肝癌合并门静脉肿瘤血栓多学科诊治专家会议形成了PVTT诊断和治疗HCC的全国共识。将其分为Ia、Ib、IIa、IIb、III和IV级。并建议根据患者PVTT类型和ECOG功能状态推荐治疗;Child-Pugh A型、PVTT I/II型和ECOG PS 0~1的首选治疗方法是手术;经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗不可切除的PVTT I/II和Child-Pugh A;对于不可切除的PVTT I/II/III和Child-Pugh a,建议对症治疗Child-Pugh C,伴有大量腹水或胃肠道出血。此外,对于不适合手术的患者,也可以选择全身化疗。早期HCC患者通常适合根治性治疗。然而,不可切除HCC患者的预后通常较差,中期HCC (BCLC B期)的中位生存时间为40个月,晚期HCC (BCLC C期)的中位生存时间为6~8个月。并且高达75%的复发率仍是一个未解决的问题 ‎[7] 。另一方面,对于没有门静脉阻塞/血栓形成或肝外转移的不可切除HCC患者,即巴塞罗那临床肝癌(BCLC) B期,经导管动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)被多个国际指南推荐为标准治疗方法 ‎[8] ‎[9] ‎[10] 。HCC易侵犯肝内血管,尤其是门静脉系统。在中国,据报道门静脉肿瘤血栓(PVTT)的发生率为44%~62.2% ‎[11] 。一旦发生,PVTT进展迅速,可引起门脉高压、肝细胞性黄疸和顽固性腹水。以PVTT为主的HCC患者中位生存期为2.7个月 ‎[12] 。PVTT在HCC的预后和临床分期中起重要作用 ‎[13] ‎[14] 。目前还没有关于PVTT诊断和治疗HCC的全球共识或指南。欧美的指南遵循巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期(BCLC),将合并PVTT的HCC视为BCLC C期。

3. 巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期系统

目前巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期系统(BCLC)是世界上最广泛接受的模型。因为它综合了肿瘤特征、总体健康状况和肝功能分期系统。手术切除、热消融和肝移植是早期HCC (巴塞罗那临床肝癌[BCLC] A期)患者的常规治疗方法。此外,对于不适合手术的患者,也可以选择全身化疗。早期HCC患者通常适合根治性治疗。然而,不可切除HCC患者的预后通常较差,中期HCC (BCLC B期)的中位生存时间为40个月,晚期HCC (BCLC C期)的中位生存时间为6~8个月 ‎[15] 。HCC是一种独特的肿瘤类型因除肿瘤波及的范围外,基础肝功能也会影响预后 ‎[16] 。值得注意的是,根据BCLC分期系统规定经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是中度肝癌患者的标准治疗方法 ‎[17] 。经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是目前中期肝细胞癌(HCC)的标准治疗方法 ‎[16] ‎[17] ‎[18] 。总体而言,与未经治疗的患者相比,TACE估计可将中位生存期从16个月提高到26个月 ‎[15] ‎[16] 。

4. 肝癌治疗方式

HCC合并PVTT患者的临床治疗方式多种多样,如手术切除,治疗基本原则为最大限度完整切除肿瘤,切缘无残留肿瘤,最大限度保留正常肝组织,降低手术死亡率及手术并发症。近来世界各肝移植中心的研究结果都比较一致的肯定了肝移植治疗“早期”肝癌的良好疗效。射频消融术(Radiofrequency Ablation, RFA)及微波消融术(Microwave Ablation, MWA)根据文献,肝癌患者接受RFA治疗的总生存率、局部复发率、并发症发生率和死亡率(与MWA相比)在原发肿瘤诊断的生存时间和消融后的生存时间方面没有统计学差异,射频消融是肿瘤局部透热治疗的一种,以影响引导或直接将电极针导入肿瘤组织,使局部细胞坏死。目前的射频消融治疗系统,一次凝固坏死区的直径可达3~5 cm。由于潜在的合并症或局部晚期疾病,超过75%的病例无法进行一线手术切除,在一些特定的患者中,几种微创经动脉和热消融手术已成为安全有效的替代疗法。在热烧蚀技术中,微波烧蚀(MWA)已成为首选的治疗方式,因为它具有操作方便和优越的加热剖面,允许更大的烧蚀区域和更短的治疗时间,同时保持较高的技术成功率。迄今为止,与射频消融(RFA)相比,MWA已被证明在不能手术的HCC或少转移性疾病患者中提供相同的临床结果,并且在某些情况下改善了临床结果。活跃的研究领域包括MWA和经动脉治疗的比较,如经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE),以及多模式联合治疗。肝癌冷冻疗法是能使冷冻区产生最大限度的凝固性坏死,冷冻治疗的特点为可产生一个境界清楚,范围可预测的冷冻坏死区,不仅能消灭瘤体,还能最大限度的保存正常肝组织。肝癌放疗既往认为效果较差,且对肝脏损伤较大。肝动脉介入治疗由于肝癌双重血供,肝动脉提供95%~99%,而门静脉供70%~75%,因此肝动脉栓塞治疗可以阻断肿瘤血供,抑制肿瘤生长,但对于肝组织血供影响小,进而对肝功能损伤也较小,此为肝动脉栓塞的理论基础。介入治疗原发性肝癌自20世纪70年代应用于临床以来,是除了手术切除以外效果较好的治疗手段之一。介入治疗被认为是目前肝细胞肝癌非手术治疗中效果最好的同时也是首选的治疗方式。肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)也是其中之一。HAIC最初用于治疗结直肠起源的转移性肝肿瘤,然后应用于不可切除的TACE难治性晚期HCC。已知HAIC比传统的全身化疗更有效,因为它是通过可植入的端口系统直接注射到转移性肝肿瘤中,使药物通过肝动脉直接到达肿瘤。先前的一些研究报道了在晚期HCC中应用HAIC的良好结果 ‎[19] ‎[20] ‎[21] ‎[22] 。已知HAIC比传统的全身化疗更有效,因为它是通过可植入的端口系统直接注射到转移性肝肿瘤中,使药物通过肝动脉直接到达肿瘤。先前的一些研究报道了在晚期HCC中应用HAIC的良好结果 ‎[19] 。特别是,HAIC在亚洲被广泛使用,主要是在韩国、日本和台湾。在这些国家,总体反应率(CR + PR)为15%~56% ‎[22] TACE对总生存期的有利影响已被证明是轻度至中度的,TACE的放射学反应并不能保证更好的生存期 ‎[22] ‎[23] 。然而,一项研究反驳了这一观点,并表明初始TACE反应与总生存期相关 ‎[14] 。TACE在诱导肿瘤坏死的同时,由于缺氧诱导因子和内皮生长因子的增加,也可诱导血管生成。因此,有人提出TACE联合靶向药物治疗可提高总生存率。然而,已经进行了几项2/3期试验,不同研究之间存在显著差异 ‎[24] 。

5. 不同手术方式对患者的生存影响

HCC的中期是由异质性人群组成的,患者的肿瘤负担差异性较大,TACE的疗效在很大程度上取决于肿瘤大小。也就是说肿瘤直径大的完全反应率明显低于肿瘤直径小的HCC (25% vs 64%) ‎[25] 。由此表明肿瘤大小也是影响TACE术后总生存期(OS)的重要预后因素。TACE术后OS仅为11.2~13.2个月 ‎[26] ‎[27] ‎[28] ‎[29] ‎[30] 对于肿瘤直径较大的肝癌,目前已有随机对照研究证明化疗药物在提高生存率方面发挥了重要作用 ‎[31] ‎[32] ,而肝动脉化疗栓塞的添加并不能提高生存率,但会显著增加严重不良事件(AEs)的发生频率,究其原因可能是肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗肿瘤直径大的肝癌需要大剂量的化疗栓塞药物,这会增加肝功能储备恶化、栓塞后综合征和非靶栓塞的风险 ‎[33] 。此外,由于肝脏供血动脉丰富,通常很难对大的肝细胞癌进行完全栓塞。肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)同样作为一直介入治疗方法,因其对晚期HCC的高反应率和良好的生存率而备受关注 ‎[34] ,治疗方式给肿瘤中提供持续的局部高浓度化疗药物而不栓塞,针对肿瘤直径较大的肝癌是一种更加有效地方式。是一种很有希望的治疗大肝癌患者的方法。目前已有的随机对照试验表明肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)针对晚期肿瘤直径大的肝癌患者总有效率为20% ‎[35] ‎[36] 。与肿瘤较小的患者相比,巨大肝癌患者的囊外肿瘤侵犯肝实质的发生率更高,肝内转移更频繁,生存率更低。目前最新的研究也发现,肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)对于巨大、不可切除肝癌患者的生存更有利,而且没有患者死于肝动脉输注化疗(HAIC)的即刻并发症 ‎[37] 。在一项多中心前瞻性临床试验中,对门静脉主侵入或双叶受损伤的难治性晚期肝癌患者进行的研究表明,相较于经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE),高剂量HAIC表现出更好的肿瘤反应和提高生存率的趋势,但此研究针对安全性研究尚不清楚。还有研究表明,在TACE中加入索拉非尼未观察到OS的改善在Ikeda等人的研究中,与单独使用索拉非尼相比,HAIC-Sorafenib获得了有利的OS ‎[38] 。

6. 展望

随着介入化疗治疗技术的发展,晚期肝癌的治疗策略也在不断进步。肝癌患者具有异质性的肿瘤特征和肝脏储备功能。因此,肝癌的治疗设计应该是量身定制和个性化的。因此,为了巨大、不可切除晚期肝癌患者的最大利益,应采用多种治疗方式。鉴于肝细胞癌发病率的上升以及与这种癌症相关的重要发病率和死亡率,寻找更多的治疗手段是一项必不可少的任务。评价各种治疗方式的疗效和安全性是有帮助的。因此,需要进行多组试验来比较这些不同的药物;然而,目前还缺乏这一层面的证据。虽然目前研究数量有限,但通过现有的多中心发表的随机对照试验,发现HAIC是一种安全的手术,对于巨大的、不可切除的肝癌患者,HAIC组相比TACE组患者有更好的生存获益。但仍需要进一步的试验对照研究来比较HAIC与TACE治疗巨大、不可切除肝癌的结果,以获得更高水平的医学证据。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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