麻醉与心脏手术后谵妄研究进展
Research Progress of Anesthesia and Delirium after Heart Surgery
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2025.151137, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 刘 峰:延安大学医学院,陕西 延安;空军军医大学第二附属医院麻醉科,陕西 西安;路雯珺, 陶 蕾, 喻 倩, 高昌俊, 孙绪德*:空军军医大学第二附属医院麻醉科,陕西 西安;肖志彬:空军第986医院麻醉科,陕西 西安
关键词: 术后谵妄麻醉心脏外科手术术中管理Postoperative Delirium Anesthesiology Cardiac Surgery Intraoperative Management
摘要: 伴随人口老龄化,心血管疾病发病率逐年增长,接受心脏外科手术的患者日益增加。谵妄,是心脏手术后常见的并发症,其发生率高、住院及ICU停留时间延长、死亡率高,给患者和家属带来沉重的负担,因此越来越受到麻醉、外科、ICU及护理等多学科的广泛重视。现代麻醉学,正在向围术期医学迈进,麻醉医生需承担术前、术中及术后多重角色。本文从麻醉学角度对心脏术后谵妄最新定义及其研究进展进行探讨,为广大麻醉医师预防/减少心脏术后谵妄的发生做好术前准备、术中防范和术后镇痛等工作提供更好的理论依据与指导。
Abstract: The incidence of cardiovascular disease and the number of patients undergoing cardiac surgery have increased year by year as the aging population developed. Delirium, characterized by high incidence, prolonged time in hospital and ICU, and high mortality, is a common complication after cardiac surgery, which brings a heavy burden to patients and their family members. Therefore, it has captured more and more attention from many subjects, such as anesthesiology, ICU, surgery and nursing. Modern anesthesiology is moving towards perioperative medicine, and it is necessary for the anesthesiologist to undertake multiple roles in preoperation, intraoperation and postoperation. In this review, we illuminate the latest definition and research progress of postoperative delirium from the point of view of anesthesiology to provide a better theoretical basis and guidance for general anesthesiologists in regard to preoperative preparation, intraoperative prevention and postoperative analgesia.
文章引用:刘峰, 路雯珺, 肖志彬, 陶蕾, 喻倩, 高昌俊, 孙绪德. 麻醉与心脏手术后谵妄研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2025, 15(1): 1026-1031. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2025.151137

1. 定义与诊断

术后谵妄(postoperative delirium, POD),是一种以急性注意力不集中和认知功能障碍为特点的疾病,且这种紊乱并不是由术前存在的神经认知障碍所致[1]。目前术后谵妄的诊断多基于《美国精神障碍的诊断和统计手册》第5版(DSM-5),其主要诊断特点包括:急性发作、波动过程、注意力不集中、意识障碍和认知功能障碍[2]。2018年11月,由The British Journal of AnesthesiaAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists IncInternational Anesthesia Research SocietyCanadian Anesthesiologists SocietyActa Anesthesiologica Scandinavica FoundationIOS Press六大期刊共同参与发表的关于麻醉与外科手术术后认知功能障碍的专文提到术后谵妄中的“术后”这一术语是对谵妄的特定说明,即:排除其他可识别原因的基础上在麻醉和手术后住院期间发生的谵妄。将术后谵妄定义为:手术后一周或者出院前(以先发者为准)的符合DSM-5诊断标准的谵妄。这意味着将术后谵妄的随访时间由原来的24~72 h改成术后0~7天内或者出院前,这就将苏醒期谵妄这个概念囊括其中。他们认为之前有可能存在术后谵妄和苏醒期谵妄相互混淆,于是提出去除苏醒期谵妄这一概念,即使苏醒期清醒的患者,之后发生的谵妄仍然诊断为术后谵妄,但要进行记录[3]

2. 现况

近年来,随着全球老年化加剧,心脏手术逐年增加,心脏手术后谵妄发生率高达26%~52% [4],已经成为一个至关重要的临床问题。在美国,每年因术后谵妄的医疗支出为1640亿美元,远高于糖尿病(918亿美元)在内的其他疾病的支出。且患者发生术后谵妄的时间每增加一天,延长住院时间的风险增加20% [5]。据精神运动行为可将术后谵妄分为活动亢进型、活动抑制型及混合型,其中活动亢进型所占比例少于1/3,而活动抑制型更常见却更难发现,经常被误认为抑郁[6]。一项在心脏外科ICU开展的200例心脏手术后患者术后谵妄的研究表明:在发生术后谵妄的患者中,91%为活动抑制型,4%为活动亢进型,6%为混合型[7],而与活动亢进型相比,活动抑制型预后更差,包括死亡率增加和接受更长期的医院护理[8]。心脏手术后谵妄患者术后一个月认知能力明显下降[9],且与术后六个月死亡率相关[10],进一步对远期死亡率追踪发现,术后谵妄患者五年的死亡率(59%)与未发生谵妄患者死亡率(13%)相比统计学差异显著[11]

3. 麻醉对心脏手术术后认知功能障碍的影响

心脏手术常规采用全麻的方式,全身麻醉的风险及并发症相对较多,对于健康的年轻患者发生率可能较小,但对于老年患者来讲,很多风险的发生率是大大增加的,老年患者基础疾病较多,加之脏器功能代偿不完全,术后面临高的并发症发生率。各类麻醉药物的使用情况,术后出血,卒中,急性肾损伤,肺炎以及住院时间和ICU病房均增加术后谵妄的发生率[12]。尽管术后谵妄的发生率很高且一半以上难以诊断,但有学者指出,40%以上的术后谵妄是可以被预防的[13]。早期发现,术前干预与术中术后预防是至关重要的[14]

3.1. 术前准备

术前访视对心脏手术后谵妄预防具有重要作用。除了高龄、认知能力低下[15]等众所周知的危险因素之外,心脏手术后谵妄的术前预测可通过教育水平、高血压、二尖瓣瓣膜病、简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)及言语流畅性测验(VFT)等方面进行测定[16]。2019年Styra等人发表的一项研究显示心血管外科手术类型(如开放性主动脉手术发生术后谵妄远大于腹主动脉内膜修补术)、MoCA量表和曾经的术前谵妄病史均可以预测术后谵妄[17]。另一项单中心前瞻性队列研究表明术前运动能力差是心脏手术后POD的独立危险因素[18]。此外,术前营养不良也与冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期谵妄相关[19]。有研究表明,磁共振成像发现的具有新发脑缺血性病变,颈动脉狭窄,深部皮质下白质高信号患者在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后发生谵妄的概率明显增加[20]。在术前用药方面,同样是两项大样本的研究,Mariscalco等的研究显示术前给予他汀类药物与心脏手术后谵妄发生率的降低无关[21],而Zaal等的研究表明术前他汀类药物的使用可以减少术后谵妄的发生[22],这样相反的结论可能与术后谵妄的评价方式不一致有关,有待进一步研究证实。

3.2. 术中防范

3.2.1. 麻醉药物选择

与术后谵妄相关的麻醉药物主要是镇静类药物。研究表明苯二氮䓬类药物的应用显著增加术后谵妄的发生,只要每天给既无昏迷又无精神错乱的病人服用5毫克咪唑安定,患者第二天出现精神错乱的几率就会增加4% [23]。Wu Mimi等人的Meta分析对另外一种镇静药物右美托咪定进行研究揭示:心脏手术期间应用右美托咪定可以减少术后谵妄的发生[24]。氯胺酮作为一种静脉麻醉药,尽管此前有研究认为术中使用0.5 mg/kg氯胺酮可降低术后谵妄的发生[25],但2017年发表于The Lancet上一个全球性、多中心、双盲、随机的临床研究表明单剂量的氯胺酮并不能减少术后谵妄的发生[26]。肾上腺皮质类激素以强大的抗炎抗过敏作用在麻醉辅助用药中占领一席之地,但是在心脏手术中既不能降低术后谵妄也不能改善心脏手术患者术后恢复质量[27] [28],术中麻醉药物的使用情况也是影响术后谵妄发生的重要一环,因此,值得我们去深思如何个体化用药。

3.2.2. 麻醉过程监测

麻醉深度一直被认为是与术后谵妄息息相关,数篇Meta分析表明利用脑电双频指数(BIS)与听觉诱发电位(AEP)作为参考来指导的麻醉可显著降低术后谵妄与长期认知功能障碍的风险[29],其可能的机制是通过调控可以缩短EEG爆发抑制或持续抑制的周期[30],2018年发表于British Journal of Anaesthesia的一篇文章也提到术中爆发脑电抑制周期延长增加术后谵妄的发生[31]。然而最新发表于JAMA的纳入1232名患者的RCT研究并未发现脑电图监测指导的麻醉管理可降低术后谵妄的发生,但脑电监测指导的麻醉降低了最低肺泡有效浓度,且脑电监测指导的麻醉术后30天的死亡率(0.7%)相比于对照组(3.1%)也较低。并且该研究中麻醉均采用挥发性麻醉药维持全身麻醉,并没有实施全身静脉麻醉,研究成果无法广泛外推。目前已有一项研究表明,脑电双频指数(BIS)有利于3个月时POD的降低[32],因此,麻醉深度的监测是否可以降低术后谵妄的发生可能需要更大规模、多中心的研究来提供证据。

3.3. 术后镇痛

术后镇痛会影响术后谵妄发生率,镇痛不完全会导致术后谵妄的发生增加[33]。对于术后镇痛的方式,最好采用病人自控镇痛。已有大量研究已经证实阿片类药物可显著增加术后谵妄的发生[34],因而在术中术后应当尽量使用非阿片类镇痛药物,另外鉴于右美托咪定的术中术后良好的对抗谵妄的作用,在镇痛泵中加入适量右美托咪定不失为一种较好的选择。

4. 展望

心脏手术后谵妄对患者的生活质量、术后康复和长期死亡率都有影响,并有潜在的严重后果[35]。欧洲麻醉学会在2017年发布的关于术后谵妄的指南中提到:考虑到外科手术涉及多个医学学科,应当形成以团队为基础的模式,外科医生术前积极识别和处理,麻醉医师术中充分的管理,护士术后有效的护理和评价都可以有效地预防术后谵妄的发生[36]。未来的心血管麻醉需要在面对日益复杂的病情基础上紧跟科研和科技进步的步伐,就心脏手术后谵妄而言,还需要我们进一步加强基础研究、探索转化和临床实践[37]

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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