挠力河自然保护区退耕湿地恢复初期高等维管束植物多样性研究

The Study on the Diversity of Vascular Plants in the Early Stage of Wetland Restoration in Naolihe Natural Reserve

摘要: 为研究退耕湿地高等维管束植物恢复现状，于2020年秋季(10月份)在黑龙江省挠力河自然保护区对2014年、2017年退耕湿地以及自然湿地高等维管束植物进行样方法调查取样。在物种鉴定的基础上，利用Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数，对退耕湿地植物的生物多样性进行了研究，同时与自然湿地进行了对比分析。本次调查共发现高等植物20种，隶属于3纲8目7科18属，主要包括单子叶植物纲(12种)和双子叶植物纲(7种)以及木贼纲(1种)，其中以单子叶植物禾本科个体数量最多，占60.44%，其中狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia)和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)为优势物种。湿地植物的平均盖度为83.75%。退耕湿地的Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数为3.3595，明显高于自然湿地(2.1423)；Margalef物种丰富度指数退耕湿地也高于自然湿地，分别为2.7435和1.3661；Pielou均匀度指数退耕湿地和自然湿地相差不大，分别为1.1858和1.0302，意味着物种在环境的分布比较均衡。对以往不同耕种作物(玉米和大豆)退耕湿地物种多样性的比较发现，以往耕种作物为大豆的退耕湿地高等植物种类和数量较原耕种作物是玉米的退耕湿地有明显增加。通过退耕初期不同退耕年份湿地高等植物物种丰富度的比较发现，随着退耕时间的延长，高等物种组成趋于单一，优势种更加明显。

Abstract: In order to study the current situation of the restoration of vascular plants in the returned farm-land wetland, the samples of vascular plants in the returned farmland wetland and natural wet-land in 2014 and 2017 were collected in Naolihe Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province in the autumn of 2020 (October). Based on species identification, the plant biodiversity of returned farmland wetland was studied by using Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index. The result showed that there are 20 species of vascular plant, belonging to 3 classes, 8 orders, 7 families, 18 Genera, including Monocots (12 species), Dicotyledones (7 species) and Equisetum (1 species), and Typha angustifolia and Deyeuxia angustifolia were the dominant species, accounting for 60.44%. The average vegetation coverage of wetland was 83.75%. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index was 3.3595, significantly higher than that of natural wetland (2.1423), and the Margalef species richness index was 2.7435 and 1.3661, respectively. The Pielou evenness index indicated no significant difference between the returned farmland wetland and natural wetland, which was 1.1858 and 1.0302 respectively, showing that the species distribution in the environment was more balanced. By comparing the species diversity of wetlands with different cultivated crops (corn and soybean), it was found that the species and quantity of higher plants in returned farmland wetland with soybean were significantly higher than those with corn. By comparing the species richness of wetland vascular plants in different years at the initial stage of returned farmland wetland, it was found that with the extension of returned farmland wetland time, the composition of higher species tended to be unitary, and the dominant species were more obvious.