二语习得领域内附带词汇习得近四十年(1984~2024)研究综述
Forty Years of Development of Study on Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition in the Field of Second Language Acquisition: From 1984 to 2014
摘要: 词汇知识对语言能力至关重要。附带词汇习得作为词汇学习方法的一种,因其具有的普遍性、语境相关性、个体性而广受二语习得研究者的关注。本文基于既有文献,并借助Citespace软件,从指导理论、变化趋势、现有不足三个方面,对过去四十年间二语习得领域内附带词汇习得相关的研究进行了回顾。在指导理论方面,本文简要介绍了在相关研究中起到重要影响的三个理论,即输入假说、投入量假说和双重编码理论;在变化趋势方面,本文总结出过去四十年间,相关研究的主要三个变化趋势,即研究重点从发生条件向学习者个体的认知过程的转变、输入模式从单一的阅读材料输入向多模态输入的转变、词汇测试方法从传统的客观纸笔测试向主观测试方法、计算机辅助测试方法的转变。基于这些内容,在现有不足方面,本文讨论了未来的研究应该更加关注的五个方面:1) 目标习得词汇本身固有的特征。现有研究过度关注词汇学习的外部因素,而忽视了目标习得词汇本身的发音、形式、类型等特征可能对附带词汇习得结果造成的影响。目前已有研究证实词汇的类型能显著影响附带词汇习得效果,因此,后续研究可以讨论词汇的其他内在特征,如拼写方式等对附带词汇习得效率的影响。2) 能够影响附带词汇习得效果的因素的影响能力。不同因素对二语学习者附带词汇习得和留存的影响能力的差异可以为教材的编写提供依据,如教材编写是否需要提高关键词复现频率、注意确保语境信息充分性等。此外,同一因素对不同母语背景的二语学习者的附带词汇习得效果的影响也可能存在。3) 目标二语不同、语言背景不同的二语学习者群体。当前研究的研究对象主要集中于英语二语学习者,而对其他语种的二语学习者的研究则存在空白。更值得注意的是,语言少数群体与移民群体在附带词汇习得研究中长期被忽视。相较于普通二语学习者,语言少数群体和移民群体的语言学习动机与语言学习环境与一般的二语学习者存在较大差异,可能表现出独特的语言行为特征,是值得重点关注的特殊二语群体。4) 对多词词项的习得。现有的附带词汇习得研究多聚焦于对单个单词的学习,但在自然语境中,母语者对多词词项的使用频率很高,而二语学习者对多词表达的掌握却相对薄弱。二语教师与研究者应加强对多词词项及与其相关的搭配的关注。5) 词汇知识测试相关的理论和方法。词汇知识是多维度的,远非形–义联结所能涵盖。目前,由于缺乏统一理论框架,二语研究者采用的词汇测试方法往往精确性不足,普遍忽视对学习者在搭配、内涵意义、及语体意义等实用维度上的词汇知识的考察,导致研究结论难以准确反映不同因素对各维度词汇知识的影响的差异。未来实验设计应立足词汇知识的多维本质,构建更精准的词汇测试体系。
Abstract: Vocabulary knowledge is crucial for language proficiency. As an universal, contextualized and individualized way to learn lexical items, incidental vocabulary acquisition has attracted considerable academic attention for nearly four decades. Based on the previous literature and the help of Citespace, this literature review aims to provide an overview of previous research on incidental vocabulary learning in the field of second language acquisition by focusing on three main aspects: the guiding theoretical frameworks, the changing trends and the current shortcomings. For the guiding theories, this study briefly introduces three hypotheses that are related to the experiments in this academic field, namely, Input Hypothesis, Involvement Load Hypothesis and Dual Code Theory. As for changing trends, the findings identify some changes in researchers’ focus, types of input and methods used to test learners’ vocabulary knowledge. Based on this, further research in this area calls for attention to five aspects as follows: 1) The characteristics of target vocabulary itself. Current researchers focus on external factors of vocabulary learning while neglecting the potential influence of the pronunciation, morphology and types of target words on learners’ learning outcomes. Since some experiments have preliminarily concluded that the type of vocabulary can affect the vocabulary retention, other characteristics of vocabulary that have not been discussed yet should also be noted in the future research. 2) The predictive power of factors that can affect the effectiveness and retention of incidental vocabulary learning for second language learners. The importance of different factors can serve as a reference for experts in designing teaching materials, such as increasing the frequency of the occurrence of key words and ensuring that contextual information is rich enough. Additionally, the degree to which the same factor can predict the learning effects may differ among learners of different second languages. 3) Second language learners of different language backgrounds. Present researches primarily focus on second language learners of English, leaving learners of other languages undiscussed. Moreover, linguistic minorities and immigrants are ignored in most of the research on incidental vocabulary learning. Compared with other L2 learners, they may differ in their motivation and approaches to learn the target language and hence display different language performance in the experiment. In another word, they are the special group of L2 learners who are worth more attention. 4) The acquisition of multiword expressions. When it comes to incidental vocabulary learning, we usually mean the incidental learning of isolated words. However, considering the high frequency of use of multiword lexical items in natural language environment and second language learners’ relatively weak mastery of collocations and idiomatic expressions, multiword items and collocations should receive more attention from teachers and researchers. 5) Vocabulary knowledge test theory and methods. Word knowledge is multidimensional and is far beyond the knowledge of form and meaning. Currently, due to the lack of a unified theory, the methods used by second language researchers to test learners’ vocabulary knowledge are often not precise enough. They often neglect learners’ mastery of word collocations, connotative meanings and stylistic meanings, to name but few, which are important for practical word use. This may result in research findings that do not accurately reflect the influence of different factors on learners’ vocabulary knowledge in different aspects. Therefore, future experiment designers should take the multidimensional nature of vocabulary knowledge into consideration and make efforts to test learners’ knowledge more accurately.
文章引用:张檬萌. 二语习得领域内附带词汇习得近四十年(1984~2024)研究综述[J]. 现代语言学, 2025, 13(6): 183-193. https://doi.org/10.12677/ml.2025.136580

1. 引言

若要掌握一门语言,习得相应的词汇知识至关重要。自交际教学法在二十世纪后半叶日益盛行以来,二语习得领域的学者逐渐意识到词汇知识在语言使用中所起的重要作用,因而开始将研究重心从句法转移至词汇[1]。考虑到词汇知识的重要性,在过去的几十年间,二语习得领域内关于词汇学习的研究蓬勃发展。在此背景下,根据有无主动学习意图而区分于传统课堂中随处可见的刻意词汇学习(intentional vocabulary learning)的附带词汇习得(incidental vocabulary acquisition)逐渐引起大量学者的关注。图1总结了Web of Science核心文集中词汇附带习得相关文章历年的发表数量,如图1所示,学界对附带词汇习得的兴趣逐渐增加,并于2022年达到顶峰。

Figure 1. Historical published count (from WOS)

1. 发文数量趋势 (数据来自WOS)

词汇附带习得能得到学界如此广泛的关注,是其本身的特点所使然:1) 词汇附带习得是一种普遍现象,广泛存在于二语能力达到一定水平的二语习得者之间。2) 词汇附带习得关注语境信息,和刻意学习相比,其更关注对语篇的整体理解,因此,词汇附带习得的学习者被认为是通过具体语境习得词汇的,这使得他们能理解词汇在真实句子中的正确用法[2]。3) 词汇附带习得允许个体差异。二语学习者能够结合自身的兴趣和语言水平进行词汇附带习得,选择适合自己的学习方式,因此,词汇附带习得过程通常不仅被认为是高效的,更是愉悦的。基于词汇附带习得的研究价值,本文决定回顾过去四十年间,二语习得领域内词汇附带习得的相关研究,以期为后续意在对词汇附带习得进行更深入研究的学者提供参考。总的来说,本文旨在探讨以下三个问题:

1) 二语习得领域内,附带词汇习得相关研究的指导理论主要有哪些?

2) 二语习得领域内,附带词汇习得相关研究呈现出怎样的变化趋势?

3) 二语习得领域内,附带词汇习得当前的相关研究有哪些不足?

2. 理论基础

鉴于许多研究者是在特定理论的指导下对词汇附带习得现象进行研究,本文有必要讨论分析附带词汇习得相关研究的主要指导理论。本部分的内容主要回顾了四个对附带词汇习得的研究做出巨大贡献的理论,第一个理论从本体论的角度出发,主要回答了“词汇附带习得现象是否存在于二语学习者之间”的问题,而剩下的理论从认识论的角度出发,聚焦于“为什么一些二语学习者词汇附带习得的效率高于其他人”的问题。

2.1. 输入假说(Input Hypothesis)

输入假说由语言学家Krashen提出。Krashen留意到二语学习者能够在相对短的时间内习得数量可观的单词,而这种学习效果只依靠传统课堂的学习似乎是难以实现的,因此,Krashen进行了一系列实验并发现,与母语者相同[3],二语学习者也能够通过潜意识习得词汇[4]。并且,二语学习者通常通过可理解输入(尤其是在阅读时)附带性地习得词汇,在这种情况下,二语学习者关注整个语篇的意义多过关注具体的某个单词,且关注单词的意义多过关注单词的形式。后续的一些研究如[5]-[8]证实了这一理论提出的猜想,学界逐渐达成一种共识,认为二语学习者在达到一定的词汇水平后能够通过根据语境推测不熟悉的单词的意思无意识地习得单词[9]

2.2. 投入量假说(Involvement Load Hypothesis)

深受同时代心理学领域的信息加工概念和联结主义的影响,Laufer和Hulstijn [10]提出了词汇附带习得的投入量假说。该假说提出了“投入量(involvement)”概念,并认为投入量比二语学习者的主动学习意图更加重要。投入量包括动机和认知两个层面,在动机层面,投入量的多少可以从“需要”量化,所谓需要是指学习者为了理解阅读内容而有弄懂不认识的单词的需求。在认知层面,投入量则可以从“查找”和“评估”两方面进行量化。查找指学习者主动通过不同途径(如查词典或询问权威人士等),评估过程,评估指学习者根据语境权衡某个不认识的单词的多种释义,进而推测单词的正确词义。在不同的词汇学习任务中,以上提及的三种要素的参与程度可能不尽相同,投入量也就因此有差异。Laufer和Hulstijn认为,投入量越大则附带词汇习得效果越好。这一假设也被后续的一些研究如[11]所支持。

2.3. 双重编码理论(Dual Coding Theory)

另一个与附带词汇习得密切相关的理论是主要由Paivio和Sadoski两位学者[12]-[14]提出的双重编码理论。该理论认为,人类拥有分别可处理语言信息的语言通道和非语言信息(如图像等)的视觉通道这两个编码通道,这两个通道既独立存在又互相关联,可以同时运作以处理信息。Paivio [15]进一步指出,和单通道编码相比,双重编码更能增强记忆与理解。二语学习者如果在学习词汇时能够同时利用他们的语言通道和视觉通道,他们的学习效果也会更好。根据双重编码理论,多媒体模态教学因为能同时调动二语学习者的语言通道和视觉通道,而理应是一种高效的附带词汇习得途径。尽管有反对者,后续的相当一部分研究如[16]-[19]均证实了该假说的可靠性。

3. 研究趋势变化

自附带词汇习得这一概念提出以来,为更接近其运行机制的本质,大量实验研究相继展开。值得注意的是,近年来,相关研究的关注焦点已发生显著变化。图2图3分别总结了由Citespace生成的1994~2009年和2010~2024年相关研究的高频主题词,这些可视化数据清晰揭示了不同时期学界的研究兴趣分布。本文后续将从三个主要维度剖析这些演变趋势。

Figure 2. Top ten hot words (1994~2009)

2. 十大热门单词(1994~2009)

Figure 3. Top ten hot words (2010~2024)

3. 十大热门单词(2010~2024)

3.1. 个体认知过程的重要化

在早期阶段,二语习得领域对附带词汇习得的研究如[6] [20]-[23]主要聚焦于验证其在二语学习者间是否存在和探究其发生的条件,在此基础上,后续研究者开始进一步探讨如何提升附带词汇习得的效率和词汇留存效率以指导教学实践。他们开始关注影响附带词汇习得这一过程的因素,并主要认为这些因素可以归纳为以下三个方面:输入因素(input),学习者主体因素(learner),外在任务因素(external task)。例如,如图2图3所示,研究者会研究输入频率(frequency) [24]、注释和注解(context) [25]-[30]、二语学习者的二语水平(proficiency) [31]-[33]、学习任务中字典的使用情况(dictionary use) [34]-[36]等对词汇附带习得效果的影响。整体而言,由于早期研究者研究附带词汇习得的主要目的是指导语言教学,他们似乎更为关注输入因素和外在任务因素对附带词汇习得效果的影响,因为这两个因素是能够被外界所控、能够切实地指导教育者设计新的教学方法和教学器材的,而相较而言,学习者主体因素的个体间差异较大,又难以为教育者所测量和控制。目前,与这两个因素有关的实验基本都与投入量假说相符,即学习者在输入方面和外在任务方面投入的努力越多,词汇习得的效果越好。

然而,如图2图3所示,近年来,学习者主体因素(如proficiency,knowledge)相比于另外两个因素(如frequency,exposure,context,dictionary use等)正越来越受到研究者重视,开始在热门关键词中占据高位。出现这种现象一是因为二语习得领域的研究者受到了附带习得的起源领域——心理学领域在上世纪末从行为主义到认知主义的范式转变的影响,也开始基于信息加工理论探讨学习者作为人的认知过程,二是因为目前关于前两个因素的研究已较为详实,研究者在这两个方面的研究难以继续创新,更多地是在组合已讨论过的变量对附带词汇习得效果影响,三则是得益于科学技术的发展。人的认知过程本身难以描述,但对诸如眼动追踪技术等能够在一定程度上将个体的认知过程可视化的技术的运用使研究者能够观察到一些此前难以分析和量化的内容。例如,研究者可以通过记录受试的首次注视时间、凝视时间、总阅读时间和注视次数等指标,分析受试早期的词汇语义信息的识别、整合和阅读理解过程、以及后期的深层语义加工、词义和句义整合、信息整合过程[37]。科学技术的发展使得深入研究学习者主体因素成为可能。

总而言之,二语习得领域内对附带词汇习得的研究取得了丰硕的成果,研究者们现已发现许多因素,如接触频率、语境丰富程度、注释丰富程度等会对二语学习者的附带词汇习得效率造成影响,并开始将研究重心向认知主义方向调整。

3.2. 输入模态的多样化

在早期的相关实验当中,研究者主要使用阅读材料而非其他输入形式的材料作为实验材料。原因主要有两点:1) 研究者普遍认同泛读是二语学习者进行附带词汇习得的最高效输入方式。尽管二语学习者通过阅读附带性地习得的词汇数只占总词数的5%~15%左右[38],该数值仍显著高于其他模态下(如听力)的同类研究结果。2) 目前已有大量实验研究采用阅读文本作为输入材料,这使得后续研究者能够基于既有文献综述和实证结果,更便捷地推进阅读模态下的深度研究。相比之下,以听觉材料为输入的实验研究则相对匮乏。

然而,仅使用阅读文本作为输入来源的学习效率毕竟很有限,而随着多媒体的普及和双重编码理论影响力的日益增强,研究者逐渐意识组合不同模态的输入方式可能能够提高词汇附带习得的效率,因此开始将这种混合模态的输入方式应用到自己的实验当中。在除了阅读文本以外的其他模态中,实验者最关注听力模态,因为听力模态是语言学习课堂中的又一常用模态。许多实验如[38]-[40]的结果表明,单一听觉输入效果欠佳,且其可能只对高水平学习者记忆保持更有效,因此研究者探索了阅读模态和输入模态结合的机制。例如,实验[38]比较了阅读、听读、纯听三种模式,发现听读组在即时习得与保持效果上表现更优;[41]采用更精细的词汇知识测试体系,证实听读模式在词形识别、语法感知、词义回忆及搭配认知方面均有边际增益,这些发现为多模态输入的协同效应提供了实证支持。除了增加听力模态以外,实验[41]-[46]还选取了电视节目、网络视频、电子游戏等信息传播途径,在除了阅读文本输入和听力输入之外,另外加入了图像输入模态作为二语习得者附带性习得词汇的载体,研究者探索这种输入方式的转变能否在使语言学习过程变得更有趣的同时也变得更加高效。然而,图像输入模态似乎并不是那么有效,因为研究发现,即使是在多模态输入的情况下,学习者也会优先加工视觉信息而非其他信息[47],并且在视觉信息中,对文本信息的关注程度又显著高于图像等非文本视觉信息[44]

总而言之,自Krashen提出以来,阅读材料一直是二语学习者附带词汇习得研究中最常用的输入材料类型。尽管学界逐步开始关注其他类型的输入方式,多模态输入对词汇附带习得的积极作用尚未得到完全证实。

3.3. 词汇知识测量方法的规范化

在实验中,为了评估二语学习者附带词汇习得的效果,研究者必须找到合适的测试受试的词汇知识的方法。传统词汇测试尤其重视词义纬度[48],将词汇知识简单等同于二语的单词形式和一语中对应的语义的配对,主要使用语义选择题和翻译任务来测试受试词汇知识。但是,如一些学者[49]-[51]所言,词汇知识本质上是多维的,这种将词汇知识简化为一语词形和二语对应的语义的测试方法难以反映出二语学习者词汇知识的细微增长和差异。部分学者[48]意识到了这种测试方法的局限性并呼吁应该进一步完善测试二语学习者词汇知识的方法。整体而言,词汇测试方法经历了如下的转变:

1) 研究者在测试中开始区分词汇知识的“深度”和“广度”这两个不同概念。词汇的广度知识指词汇量,通常通过词汇水平测试进行评估,一些广为人知的词汇水平测试量表包括University Word List量表[52],vocabulary level tests量表[53],vocabulary size tests量表[54],updated vocabulary level test量表[55]等。而词汇深度知识则与受试是否能够在恰当的语义和语法语境中正确使用词汇有关,主要包括词语的搭配、语域、近反义词等相关知识,一些较为权威的词汇知识深度评估框架包括Read所提出的词汇联想测试[56]和Qian修订的深度词汇知识测试[57]等,也有一些研究者如Ponniah [2]会根据实验的需要自行设计测试方法。

2) 研究者在测试中开始区分词汇知识的“接受”和“产出”这两个不同维度。接受性词汇知识指学习者在语言输入过程中可以识别和理解的单词知识,而产出性词汇知识则指学习者在语言输出过程中能正确运用的单词知识,Lex30 [44]就是一种广为认可的产出性词汇知识测试方法。De la Fuente [58]的一项经典研究中也对产出性词汇知识与接受性词汇知识的测试进行了区分。

综上所述,随着对词汇知识认知的深化和科学技术的进步,二语习得领域的研究者开始尝试不同方法来测试不同维度的词汇知识,但研究者在词汇知识的测量方式上尚未完全达成共识,该领域仍缺乏统一的理论框架作为指导。

4. 讨论

前文主要总结了二语习得领域内附带词汇习得相关的研究在1984至2024年间的三个变化趋势,即研究重心向学习者的认知过程的转变、实验材料由单一的阅读材料向多模态输入材料的转变、词汇知识测试方法由简单的纸笔词义测试向更多纬度的、更多元化的测试的转变。尽管学界在这一课题上取得了较为丰硕的研究成果,现有的研究仍旧存在一些不足,本节内容将简要探讨这些研究局限,以期为未来该领域的研究提供启示。

1) 在目前的研究中,研究者从输入、学习者主题、外在任务这三个方面讨论了能够影响二语学习者附带词汇习得效率的因素,但他们对输入方面的因素的讨论并未涵盖目标词汇本身的固有特征。最新的一些研究表明,词汇的类型能显著影响附带词汇习得的效果,例如,在以开放的学术讲座为输入来源的附带词汇习得中,二语学习者对学术词汇的习得效果显著优于非专业词汇[47]。后续研究可以考察二语词汇的其他内在特征,如拼写方式等,对附带词汇习得效率的影响。

2) 目前的相关研究主要关注特定的单一因素对二语学习者附带词汇习得效果的影响,而忽略了双重或多重因素可能对附带词汇习得效果造成的协同影响以及不同因素的影响力可能有所不同。例如,Folse [59]的实验发现,重复暴露因素比投入量因素更能影响单词的留存效果。王意颖和徐贵平[37]则发现,在以中文为二语的附带词汇习得中,重复暴露因素比语境丰富程度因素的影响力更强。

3) 在目前的相关研究中,实验所选用的受试通常都是英语学习者,以至于“English”甚至成为了研究的热门关键词(如图3所示),而其他语言的二语学习者,如中文学习者的受关注程度则不够高。此外,相关研究同样忽略了语言少数群体以及移民者,而这一群体往往因具有和其他二语学习者不同的语言学习动机和环境,而是二语学习者中值得单独讨论的特殊案例。因此,未来二语习得领域的附带词汇习得研究,可以更多地关注对比分析相同因素对不同二语类型或不同语言背景学习者的词汇习得效率的影响。

4) 目前的相关研究主要集中讨论对单个单词的学习,对于多词词项(multiword items)的关注相对较少,然而,这类语言单位的重要性显而易见:首先,多词词项是日常语言的重要组成部分[9],学习多词词项能够帮助二语学习者更加接近母语者的语言使用水平。其次,多数多词词项属于预制语块,学习者在学习和使用过程中通常将其作为整体来处理,因此运用多词词项产生的认知负担相对较轻。但是,尽管多词表达的重要性毋庸置疑,已有研究[60]-[64]显示,二语学习者在使用这类多词词项进行表达方面存在明显不足。未来附带词汇习得的相关研究可以更加关注二语学习者对多词词项的习得。

5) 词汇知识测试的理论与方法有待完善。词汇知识具有多维性,远非仅涉及词形与词义。目前,由于缺乏统一的理论框架,二语研究者测试学习者词汇知识的方法往往不够精确,常忽视学习者对词语搭配、内涵意义、语义韵律等实际运用至关重要的维度的掌握。这可能导致研究结论无法准确反映不同因素对学习者各维度词汇知识的影响。因此,未来的实验设计者应充分考虑词汇知识的多维特性,着力提升测试的精准性。

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