羽毛球运动中膝关节的损伤及其预防

Knee Injuries and Their Prevention in Badminton

摘要: 羽毛球凭借灵活的场地要求、亲民的参与门槛，以及健身与社交的双重价值成为全球热门运动，但因包含大量急停、变向、跳跃落地、屈膝蹬伸等动作，膝关节作为下肢核心受力关节，易承受瞬时冲击载荷与扭转力矩，导致损伤高发，不仅影响运动员竞技表现与运动寿命，也对普通爱好者的运动安全构成威胁。本研究运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法及运动生物力学原理，系统梳理羽毛球运动中膝关节损伤的常见类型，剖析常见损伤类型的发生机制，包括急停变向时膝关节内外翻与旋转的复合受力、跳跃落地时缓冲不足引发的冲击过载、长期重复性动作导致的软骨慢性磨损，以及技术动作不规范如击球时躯干侧倾过度、落地腿膝关节内扣、肌肉力量失衡、热身不足等关键影响因素。从内在与外在维度识别风险因素后，从运动训练、装备选择、康复防护三个维度提出针对性预防策略，优化技术动作以减少膝关节异常受力，强化下肢肌群力量与协调性训练以提升关节稳定性，选用适配的专业装备来降低冲击风险，同时建立科学的热身与放松流程、定期进行膝关节功能评估。研究旨在明确羽毛球运动中膝关节损伤的关键诱因，为运动员、教练员及爱好者提供科学的损伤预防方案，助力降低膝关节损伤发生率，保障羽毛球运动的健康开展。

Abstract: Badminton has become a globally popular sport due to its flexible venue requirements, accessible participation threshold, and dual values of fitness and social interaction. However, as it involves a large number of movements such as sudden stops, direction changes, jumping and landing, and knee-bending and pushing extensions, the knee joint—acting as the core weight-bearing joint of the lower limbs—is prone to bearing instantaneous impact loads and torsional moments, leading to a high incidence of injuries. This not only affects athletes’ competitive performance and sports careers but also poses a threat to the sports safety of ordinary enthusiasts. By adopting the methods of literature review, logical analysis, and the principles of sports biomechanics, this study systematically sorts out the common types of knee injuries in badminton and analyzes the mechanisms of these common injuries. These mechanisms include the combined forces of knee varus/valgus and rotation during sudden stops and direction changes, impact overload caused by insufficient buffering during jumping and landing, chronic cartilage wear due to long-term repetitive movements, as well as key influencing factors such as irregular technical movements (e.g., excessive trunk tilt during shot execution, knee varus of the landing leg), muscle strength imbalance, and inadequate warm-up. After identifying risk factors from both internal and external dimensions, targeted prevention strategies are proposed from three dimensions: sports training, equipment selection, and rehabilitation protection. These strategies include optimizing technical movements to reduce abnormal stress on the knee joint, strengthening the strength and coordination training of lower limb muscle groups to improve joint stability, selecting suitable professional equipment to reduce impact risks, and establishing a scientific warm-up and relaxation process, as well as conducting regular knee joint function assessments. The purpose of this study is to clarify the key causes of knee injuries in badminton, provide a scientific injury prevention plan for athletes, coaches, and enthusiasts, help reduce the incidence of knee injuries, and ensure the healthy development of badminton.