海上人命搜救协同中志愿者法律机制探究

A Study on the Legal Mechanisms for Volunteers in Maritime Search and Rescue Coordination

摘要: 随着我国海洋开发与航行安全发展进程持续推进，海上航行与作业活动频次显著增加，海上险情呈现“突发性强、扩散快、危害重”特征，海上人命搜救作为保障生命权这一最高位阶法益的核心公益事业，其协同效能成为海事治理体系优化与效能提升的重要标尺。依据《海上交通安全法》等规范，国家明确鼓励社会力量参与搜救，志愿者已成为搜救体系的重要组成部分，但实践中仍面临主体地位虚化、专业能力欠缺、激励保障失范等突出困境，导致志愿者参与陷入“合法性缺失–效能受限–权益无保障”的逻辑闭环。本文立足公共事务多元协同治理的规范化发展与生命权保障的双重法理逻辑，从法学视角构建“管理机制筑基、激励保障托底、主体责任定界”的三维法律机制，尝试填补海上搜救志愿者参与海上搜救的法律空白，从制度体系始以实现“生命至上”原则的制度化转化与实操化落地，为激活社会救助资源、优化搜救协同效能、提升海事治理效能提供坚实的法治保障与规范指引。

Abstract: With the deepening advancement of China’s maritime power strategy, maritime navigation and operational activities have significantly increased in frequency, leading to maritime emergencies characterized by “sudden onset, rapid spread, and severe consequences”. As a core public welfare endeavor safeguarding the right to life—the highest-tier legal interest—maritime search and rescue (SAR) has seen its collaborative efficiency become a crucial benchmark for the modernization of maritime governance. In accordance with regulations such as the Maritime Traffic Safety Law, the state explicitly encourages social forces to participate in SAR operations. Volunteers have thus become an integral part of the SAR system. However, practical challenges persist, including ambiguous legal status, insufficient professional capabilities, and inadequate incentive and support mechanisms, which have trapped volunteer participation in a logical cycle of “lack of legitimacy—limited effectiveness—unprotected rights and interests”. Grounded in the dual jurisprudential logic of modernized public governance and the safeguarding of the right to life, this paper constructs, from a legal perspective, a three-dimensional legal mechanism encompassing “management systems as the foundation, incentives and safeguards as the support, and delineation of subject responsibilities”. This approach aims to address the legal gaps in volunteer participation in maritime SAR, thereby institutionalizing the principle of “life first”. It seeks to provide robust legal support for mobilizing social rescue resources, enhancing SAR synergy and efficiency, and advancing the modernization of maritime governance capabilities.