马克思对费尔巴哈人的本质思想的批判与超越

Marx’s Criticism and Transcendence of Feuerbach’s Thought on Human Nature

摘要: 马克思在批判地吸收并超越费尔巴哈人本主义的过程中，完成了关于人的本质哲学的根本变革。费尔巴哈把人的本质简化为一种抽象的“类本质”，其学说仍局限于感性直观与宗教批判层面，并未触及社会历史的深层现实。与之相反，马克思将视角彻底转向“现实的人”，把人的本质理解为“一切社会关系的总和”，并将其置于具体的历史实践——特别是物质生产劳动——之中进行把握。他明确指出，异化的根源在于社会关系与劳动过程的异化状态，而只有借助共产主义实践对私有制进行扬弃、对异化劳动加以消除，人才可能实现真正的解放与自由而全面的发展。本文通过分析马克思对费尔巴哈的批判与超越进程，阐释了马克思人的本质理论所实现的若干重大转向：从抽象走向具体、从直观移至实践、从解释世界转向改变世界。这一理论跃升也为理解新时代以人为本的发展理念奠定了深厚的哲学基础。

Abstract: Through critically sublifting Feuerbach’s humanism, Marx accomplished a philosophical revolution regarding the essence of human beings. Feuerbach reduced the essence of humans to an abstract “generic essence,” and his theory remained at the level of perceptual intuition and religious criticism, failing to penetrate into the actual social and historical conditions. Marx, however, fundamentally shifted his perspective to “real human beings,” defining the essence of humans as “the ensemble of social relations,” and examining it within concrete historical practices, especially material productive labor. He revealed that the root of alienation lies in the alienation of social relations and the labor process, arguing that only through communist practice—which sublates private property and eliminates alienated labor—can genuine human liberation and free, all-round development be achieved. By sorting out Marx’s criticism and transcendence of Feuerbach, this article illustrates the theoretical leap in Marx’s thought on human essence: from the abstract to the concrete, from intuition to practice, and from interpreting the world to changing it. This leap also provides profound theoretical support for comprehending the people-oriented development concept in the new era.