智能驾驶汽车交通事故的刑事责任研究

Research on Criminal Liability for Traffic Accidents Involving Intelligent Driving Vehicles

摘要: 智能驾驶技术的快速发展对传统刑法体系提出了全新挑战。本文聚焦L3至L5级别自动驾驶汽车，分析其引发的刑事责任主体模糊化、算法决策的刑事归责难题、产品安全刑事责任认定困境，以及传统犯罪构成要件的不适应性这四个问题。比较德国、日本、美国等国的刑事立法经验，提出根据自动驾驶等级划分刑事责任主体的刑事归责标准。在《刑法》中交通肇事罪、过失致人伤亡罪等条款的基础之上，引入“技术过失”这一概念，强化生产销售不符合安全标准产品罪的适用，同时建立“技术黑箱”的司法鉴定机制，为智能驾驶汽车的刑事规制提供系统性解决方案。

Abstract: The rapid development of intelligent vehicles poses significant challenges to the traditional criminal law system. This article focuses on L3 to L5 autonomous vehicles, exploring issues such as ambiguity in criminal liability subjects, difficulties in attributing algorithmic decision-making to criminal responsibility, challenges in product safety liability determination, and the inadequacy of traditional criminal elements. By analyzing criminal legislative experiences in Germany, Japan, and the United States, the study proposes dividing criminal liability subjects based on autonomous driving levels, clarifying the duty of care for technology providers (manufacturers, algorithm developers, operators), and establishing a “technical fault” standard for criminal attribution. The research demonstrates the necessity of amending provisions related to traffic accident crimes and negligent homicide in China’s Criminal Law, introducing the concept of “technical negligence,” strengthening the application of crimes related to producing and selling unsafe products, and establishing a judicial appraisal mechanism for “algorithmic black boxes,” thereby balancing technological innovation with public safety.