中国东北黑土退化形式、自然控制因素及演变趋势

Analysis on the Forms, Controlling Factors and Evolution Trends of Black Soils Degradation in Northeastern China

摘要: 从土壤学角度提出黑土退化主要是偏离原有成土环境和典型黑土质量的改变，强调黑土相对于原有基本属性和质量的变化。黑土退化包括质量退化和数量减少两种形式，从土壤层结构和物理性质、地球化学性质、生物化学性质、物理化学环境等方面分析了黑土质量退化表现形式。黑土退化在时间演变上具有突变式退化和缓慢式退化，黑土质量退化主要与缓慢式退化有关，而黑土数量减少与突变式退化有关。黑土退化在空间演变上具有南强北弱、西强东弱的特点，由南向北、由西向东的退化趋势。气候变化、土壤性质、构造差异性活动、土壤侵蚀和地球化学环境变化是黑土退化的主要自然控制因素。

Abstract: Based on pedology, black soil degradation is mostly the changes of soil deviating from the original pedogenetic environment and the typical black soil quality, and the changes compared with the original basic nature and the quality are emphasized. Black soil degradation includes quality degradation and quantity reduction of the black soil. Manifestations of quality degradation have been analyzed from soil structure, physical nature, geochemical nature, biochemistry nature and physical-chemical environment. There are quick degradation and slow degradation in the time evolution. The quality degradation is related with the slow degradation and the quantity reduction is related with the quick degradation. There are characteristics of strong degradation in south and west and weak degradation in north and east in the space evolution, showing the trends of black soil degradation from south to north and from west to east. Climatic change, soil nature, tectonic activity, soil erosion and geochemical environment change are mostly natural controlling factors about black soil degradation.