打破言意关系的二元对立：刘勰“表达困境”的探究

Breaking the Binary Opposition between Words and Meaning: A Probe into Liu Xie’s “Expression Dilemma”

摘要: 言意关系是先秦以来哲学领域的一大论题。在尚未形成文学自觉时，对表达困境的讨论多集中于言意关系的哲学范畴的思考。无论是言尽意还是言不尽意，都体现的是两者二元对立的关系。刘勰在《文心雕龙》中亦提及了表达困境的存在，但是在刘勰看来，讨论言意关系的核心并不是要争出尽意不尽意的单一结论，而是要用折衷的思辨的观点，意识到言与意对于写作效果的重要意义。哲学领域的讨论被纳入文学理论体系中，是文学自觉时代言意关系发展的必然。刘勰以言与意为核心，将其纳入“情–意–言”的小系统当中，后又将其纳入创作论的大系统，层层递进，言与意在破解表达困境的重要性中渐渐明朗。两者的对立关系被化解，言为创作枢纽，连接写作鉴赏等各部分；意为写作目的，种种技巧最终都归为一，即意的表达。刘勰对言意关系的审视不仅阐明了表达困境的存在原因与破解之道(“尽己所能，顺势而为”)，也体现了更高层面的中庸与自然意识，给予当代写作以启发。

Abstract: The relationship between speech and meaning has been a major topic in the field of philosophy since the pre-Qin Dynasty. Before literary self-consciousness has been formed, the discussion of expression dilemmas mostly focused on thinking about the philosophical category of the rela-tionship between speech and meaning. Whether it is full of words or not, it reflects the duality of the relationship between the two. Liu Xie also mentioned the existence of expressing dilemma in Wen Xin Diao Long, but in Liu Xie’s view, the core of the discussion of the relationship between word and meaning is not to reach a single conclusion that is full of ideas, but to realize the importance of word and meaning to the effect of writing from a compromised and speculative point of view. Discussions in the field of philosophy are included in the literary theory system, which is the inevitable development of the relationship between speech and meaning in the conscious era of literature. Liu Xie takes words and meanings as the core and incorporates them into the small system of “feeling-meaning-speaking”, and then into the larger system of creation theory, step by step, and words and intentions are in the importance of deciphering the dilemma of expression. It gradually became clear. The antagonistic relationship between the two is resolved, and it is said that it is the hub of creation, connecting the various parts of writing appreciation; it means the purpose of writing, and all kinds of skills are finally integrated into one, that is, the expression of meaning. Liu Xie’s examination of the relationship between speech and meaning not only clarifies the reasons for the existence of the expression dilemma and the way to solve it (“Do your best, follow the trend”), but also embodies a higher level of doctrine and natural consciousness, which inspires contemporary writing.