马克思“劳动创造人”思想研究——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的文本考察

Study on the Thought of Labor Creating Man in Marx’s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: 劳动创造人的思想，是马克思主义理论一直关注的主题。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中，通过对费尔巴哈的感性对象性思想和黑格尔的自我意识思想的批判继承，马克思提出了劳动是人的本质的思想，发现了劳动创造人。然而，通过对国民经济学的研究，马克思却发现了相反的情况，如异化劳动不是创造人肯定人，而是否定人。劳动在资本主义的社会形式是雇佣劳动，异化劳动概念仅揭示了雇佣劳动的消极方面，但没有看到雇佣劳动的积极方面，即雇佣劳动创造人和肯定人的方面。雇佣劳动创造了无产阶级。相对于封建社会中的农民，无产阶级获得了一定程度的解放和自由。

Abstract: The idea of labor creating people is the theme that Marxist theory has always paid attention to. In the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx put forward the idea that labor is the essence of human beings and found that labor creates human beings through criticizing and inheriting Feuerbach’s perceptual object thought and Hegel’s self-consciousness thought. However, through the study of national economics, Marx found the opposite situation. For example, alienated labor does not create people to affirm people, but to deny people. The social form of labor in capitalism is employment labor. The concept of alienated labor only reveals the negative aspects of employment labor, but does not see the positive aspects of employment labor, that is, employment labor creates and affirms people. Employment labor created the proletariat. Compared with farmers in feudal society, the proletariat gained a certain degree of liberation and freedom.