自然保护地内原住居民权利保障问题研究

Research on the Protection of Rights of Indigenous Residents in Nature Reserves

摘要: 建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系既是贯彻生态文明思想的重要实践，又是我国生态文明思想的重要组成部分，自然保护地对于保护生物多样性，整合自然资源和维护生态系统有着重要的意义。其中，作为关键参与者的原住居民与自然保护地的建设存在着对立统一的关联性，本质是自然保护地的公益性和原住居民权利的私益性的产生的种种人地矛盾。在实践层面，由于缺乏法律上明确认定的身份主体导致原住居民所享有的一系列权利未得到充分落实诸如人地冲突、主体权责不对等。在学界理论层面，如何通过构建一系列制度实现原住居民的权利保障也展开了诸多讨论，但是面临着法律缺失，法规执行困难等问题导致如何保障原住居民权利存在很大的争议。探索自然保护地原住居民的权利保障为国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系提供实践需要，通过厘清原住居民的身份，并以下几个方面入手建立自然保护地原住居民权利保障制度，完善自然保护地法律制度让原住居民权利有法可依全面落实对原住居民的生态补偿制度，缓解自然资源权属冲突，实现自然保护地共同治理，在满足自然保护地公益的基础上切实保护原住居民的合法权利。

Abstract: Establishing a system of nature reserves centered around national parks is not only an important practice to implement the ideology of ecological civilization but also a crucial component of China’s ecological civilization ideology. Nature reserves play a significant role in preserving biodiversity, integrating natural resources, and maintaining ecosystems. Among them, the relationship between indigenous residents and the construction of nature reserves, as key participants, embodies a dialectical unity of contradictions. This is fundamentally the result of conflicts between the public nature of nature reserves and the private interests of indigenous residents. In practical terms, the lack of legally recognized identity subjects often leads to a series of unfulfilled rights enjoyed by indigenous residents, such as conflicts between people and land and the inequality of subject rights and responsibilities. In academic theory, discussions on how to safeguard the rights of indigenous residents through the establishment of a series of systems have been ongoing. However, controversies arise due to issues such as legal gaps and difficulties in law enforcement, which hinder the effective protection of indigenous residents’ rights. Exploring the protection of the rights of indigenous residents in nature reserves is a practical necessity for the system of nature reserves centered around national parks. By clarifying the identity of indigenous residents and starting from several aspects, such as establishing a system for safeguarding the rights of indigenous residents in nature reserves, improving the legal system of nature reserves to provide legal guarantees for the rights of indigenous residents, and fully implementing the ecological compensation system for indigenous residents, efforts can be made to alleviate conflicts over natural resource ownership and achieve shared governance of nature reserves. This will effectively protect the legitimate rights of indigenous residents while meeting the public welfare objectives of nature reserves.