基于V2G技术的电动汽车与虚拟电厂的定价博弈研究

A Pricing Game between Electric Vehicles Based on V2G Technology and Virtual Power Plants

摘要: 虚拟电厂(VPP)通过整合风能、光能、可控负荷、储能系统和电动汽车(EV)等分布式能源，参与电力供应并优化电网负荷。本文提出了一种主从博弈定价策略，旨在最大化VPP运营商与EV用户的经济效益。上层模型中，运营商运用博弈模型制定电价，促进电网稳定；下层模型则针对EV用户以最小充电费用为目标。双层博弈通过线性化和Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT)条件转化为单层混合整数线性规划进行求解。最终得出优化的定价策略和出力计划，展示了VPP在V2G (车辆到电网)模式下的优势，能够有效平抑电网负荷波动并提升用户经济收益。

Abstract: Virtual power plants (VPPs) integrate distributed energy sources such as wind power, solar power, controllable loads, energy storage systems, and electric vehicles (EVs) to participate in power supply and optimize grid load. This paper proposes a hierarchical game pricing strategy to maximize the economic benefits of VPP operators and EV users. In the upper layer model, the operator uses the game model to set the electricity price to promote grid stability. In the lower layer model, the EV users are optimized to minimize the charging cost. The dual-layer game is transformed into a single-layer mixed integer linear programming through linearization and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions. The optimal pricing strategy and power dispatch plan are obtained, showing the advantages of VPP in the V2G (vehicle-to-grid) mode, which can effectively smooth out grid load fluctuations and improve user economic benefits.