生态化利用铁尾矿制备功能化多孔复合材料应用研究

Research on the Application of Ecological Utilization of Iron Tailings to Prepare Functional Porous Composite Materials

摘要: 在工业蓬勃发展的背景下，大宗工业固体废物的排放量持续增加。铁尾矿作为其中重要组成部分，其资源化利用研究一直在积极进行。为实现铁尾矿的生态化和低能耗利用，建立了一套生产铁尾矿制备功能化多孔复合材料的工艺流程，并满足市场对工业固体废弃物——铁尾矿绿色、高效、高质、高值、规模化利用的需求，减轻工业生产对环境的压力，实现铁尾矿的资源化利用。以沂水某矿业的铁尾砂和尾泥为原料，采用搅拌发泡–自然干燥–高温烧结法制备了多孔陶瓷，溶胶–凝胶法制备了微晶玻璃，以及沉淀法制备了白炭黑，并研究了原料配比、烧结温度、酸浸条件等因素对制备复合材料的影响。研究结果表明，制备多孔陶瓷的最佳原料配比为尾泥8 g、去离子水26 mL、明胶4 g、发泡剂2 mL及少量碳酸氢钠。在制备陶瓷过程中加入少量的碳酸氢钠可以提高多孔陶瓷的硬度。多孔陶瓷作XRD分析结果显示，多孔陶瓷有莫来石、绿辉石、霞石、斜方钙硅石及磁赤铁矿等结构。通过溶胶–凝胶法制备的微晶玻璃在显微镜下呈现贝壳状的玻璃相结构，同时含有少量棱状晶型结构。该研究为生态化利用铁尾矿的生态利用及其资源化利用的实现提供了新的发展途径。

Abstract: In the context of thriving industrial development, the emission of bulk industrial solid waste continues to increase. As an important component, iron tailings have been actively researched for resource utilization. In order to achieve the ecological and low-energy utilization of iron tailings, a process for producing functionalized porous composite materials from iron tailings has been established. This process aims to meet the market demand for green, efficient, high-quality, high-value, and large-scale utilization of industrial solid waste—iron tailings, thereby reducing environmental pressure from industrial production and realizing the resource utilization of iron tailings. Using iron tailings sand and sludge from a mine in Yishui as raw materials, porous ceramics were prepared using a stirring-foaming-natural drying-high-temperature sintering method, microcrystalline glass was prepared using the sol-gel method, and precipitated silica was prepared using the precipitation method. The study investigated the effects of factors such as raw material ratio, sintering temperature, and acid leaching conditions on the preparation of composite materials. The results showed that the optimal raw material ratio for preparing porous ceramics was 8 g of sludge, 26 mL of deionized water, 4 g of gelatin, 2 mL of foaming agent, and a small amount of sodium bicarbonate. The addition of a small amount of sodium bicarbonate during the ceramic preparation process can enhance the hardness of porous ceramics. XRD analysis of the porous ceramics revealed the presence of mullite, diopside, cordierite, wollastonite, and magnetite structures. Microcrystalline glass prepared by the sol-gel method exhibited a shell-like glass phase structure under a microscope, along with a small amount of prismatic crystal structures. This study provides a new development approach for the ecological utilization of iron tailings and the realization of their resource utilization.