自动驾驶汽车适用产品责任的困境及破解之道

Dilemmas and Solutions in Applying Product Liability to Autonomous Vehicles

摘要: 自动驾驶汽车算法具有复杂性，传统测试方法难以判断自动驾驶汽车设计缺陷，缺陷与损害间的因果关系也难以论证。同时，自动驾驶汽车的伦理标准和抗辩事由也有待明晰。对此，应增设伦理道德准则，明确自动驾驶汽车自我决策的道德底线；针对设计缺陷认定，前期可采用修正后的消费者期望测试法，后期有限制地适用风险–效用测试法，并调整举证标准。此外，应借助自动驾驶汽车EDR实现因果关系的论证，并限制发展风险抗辩的适用范围。

Abstract: The algorithms of autonomous vehicles are complex, and traditional testing methods make it difficult to identify design defects in autonomous vehicles. It is also difficult to argue the causal relationship between defects and damage. Meanwhile, the ethical standards and defenses of autonomous vehicles also need to be clarified. In this regard, ethical and moral codes should be added to clarify the moral bottom line of autonomous vehicle decision-making; for the identification of design defects, the revised consumer expectation test method can be used in the early stage, and the risk-utility test method can be applied restrictively in the late stage, and the standard of proof needs to be adjusted. At the same time, the causal relationship should be argued through the use of autonomous vehicle EDR, and the scope of the application of development risk defense should be limited.