朱熹仁学思想探析

Analysis of Zhu Xi’s Thought of Ren

摘要: 仁学一直是儒家学者研究的重点，自孔子始，仁学内容随着历史的变迁而不断得到丰富。宋明时期，朱熹在继承和总结前人的思想结晶的基础上，不断创新发展，对仁学进行深化认识，形成了“仁学”完整系统的学说。朱熹将“仁”定义为心之德、爱之理，并将仁与心、性、情三者联系起来，构建了其心统性情的理论。在这里，将从四个方面分析朱熹的仁学思想：仁学探源，这里对仁、仁学进行探源，一是从文字学角度分析“仁”之含义，一是对仁学的发展脉络进行梳理；宇宙之仁，这是从宇宙生成论层面分析朱熹仁学，理解“仁者，天地生物之心”，仁是天道与人道联结的纽带；人心之仁，“仁包四德”有两种意思，一是仁统帅其余三德，是小仁，一是在仁义礼智四德之外还有一个仁，这是大仁；仁说之辩，说明与朱子同时期的学者对他仁学思想形成的影响。

Abstract: The study of benevolence has always been the focus of Confucian scholars. Since Confucius, the content of benevolence has been enriched with the change of history. In the period of Song and Ming Dynasties, Zhu Xi, on the basis of inheriting and summing up the crystallization of predecessors’ thoughts, continued to innovate and develop, deepened his understanding of benevolence, and formed a complete and systematic theory of benevolence. Zhu Xi defined “Ren” as the virtue of the heart and the principle of love, and connected Ren with the heart, sex and emotion to construct his theory of the unity of the heart and temperament. In this paper, we will analyze Zhu Xi’s thoughts on benevolence from four aspects: Exploring the source of benevolence, the first is to analyze the meaning of “benevolence” from the angle of philology, the first is to sort out the development of benevolence; The benevolence of the universe, this is an analysis of Zhu Xi’s benevolence theory from the perspective of cosmogenesis, understanding that “benevolence is the heart of the creatures of heaven and earth”, benevolence is the link between heaven and humanity; The benevolence of the human heart, “Ren consists of four virtues” has two meanings, one is the benevolence commander of the other three virtues, is the small benevolence, one is in the benevolence of the rites and wisdom of the four virtues there is a benevolence, which is the great benevolence; The debate on the theory of benevolence shows the influence of scholars of Zhu Zi’s time on the formation of his theory of benevolence.