中国大学生性别角色发展变化及家庭因素影响的研究综述

Research on the Development of Gender Roles among Chinese College Students and the Influence of Family Factors

摘要: 性别角色是指社会对男性和女性在行为、角色和责任方面的期望与要求。本研究系统阐述了中国大学生性别角色的发展变化及其与心理健康的关系，并探讨了父母教养方式、父亲在位情况和家庭结构等家庭因素与个体性别角色的关系。研究发现，近二十年以来，国内大学群体中DS和未分化的比例增多，单性别人数相对减少(DS即同时兼具部分男性特质和部分女性特质)。在性别角色与心理健康的关系上，DS群体的心理健康水平最高，未分化群体最差。在家庭教养方式上，民主型家庭教养方式有助于DS角色的发展，而专制型和溺爱型教养方式则可能导致未分化的性别角色。在父亲在位上，父亲对子女成长和心理教育参与水平越高，其子女形成DS性别角色类型的概率越高。家庭结构对子女的性别角色形成也有显著影响，单亲家庭中的子女更多地表现出性别角色异性化，而非单亲家庭的子女更容易形成未分化的性别角色类型。关于独生家庭对子女性别角色的影响尚未有统一结论，有待进一步研究。最后，文章讨论了中国大学生性别角色比例发展变化的原因，并从性别角色类型与心理健康相关关系的作用路径、家庭因素影响个体性别角色的内在机制等方面进行了展望，且就家校共育的角度提出了针对性教育建议。

Abstract: Gender roles refer to social expectations and requirements for males and females regarding their behavior, roles, and responsibilities. This study systematically expounds on the development and changes in gender roles among university students in China and their relationship with mental health, and explores the relationship between family factors such as parenting styles, the presence of a father, and family structure, and individual gender roles. The study finds that over the past two decades, the proportion of androgynous and undifferentiated roles among the college population has increased, while the number of single-gender roles has relatively decreased. In terms of the re-lationship between gender roles and mental health, the androgynous group exhibited the highest level of mental health, while the undifferentiated group had the poorest. Regarding parenting styles, democratic parenting is conducive to the development of androgynous roles, whereas authoritarian and indulgent parenting styles may lead to undifferentiated gender roles. Regarding the presence of fathers, the higher the father’s involvement in the child’s growth and psychological education, the higher the probability that the children will develop androgynous gender roles. Family structure also significantly influences the formation of a child’s gender roles—children in single-parent fami-lies often display gender roles typical of the opposite sex, whereas children from non-single-parent families are more likely to develop undifferentiated gender roles. The impact of being an only child on children’s gender roles has not yet reached a consensus and requires further research. Finally, the article discusses the reasons for the changes in the proportion of gender roles among Chinese university students and anticipates future directions from the perspective of the role path of the relationship between gender role types and mental health, and the internal mechanism of family factors affecting individual gender roles. The paper also proposes targeted educational recommen-dations from a collaborative family-school education perspective.