解构与重塑：康德对形而上学的探索

Deconstruction and Reconstruction: Kant’s Exploration of Metaphysics

摘要: 形而上学作为哲学的核心问题，长期以来在西方哲学传统中占据着主导地位。然而，传统形而上学在发展过程中逐渐陷入了深刻的困境。一方面，唯理论和经验论在关于知识来源和确定性等问题上争论不休，却都未能为形而上学提供坚实可靠的基础；另一方面，休谟的怀疑论更是对形而上学的根基发起了猛烈冲击，使得形而上学的科学性和有效性受到质疑。康德着眼于人的认识能力本身进行批判，通过对人类认识能力的剖析，揭示了人类认识的局限性和可能性，为人类思维的发展提供了新的框架和思路；通过对传统形而上学的批判，揭示了其独断论的倾向和理性的局限性，实现了对旧有形而上学的“解构”；通过对人类认识能力的批判和反思，构建起了新的形而上学体系，包括自然形而上学和道德形而上学，并通过目的论判断力实现了两者的统一，完成了对形而上学的“重建”。

Abstract: Metaphysics, as the core of philosophy, has long occupied a dominant position in the Western philosophical tradition. However, traditional metaphysics has gradually fallen into a deep dilemma in the course of its development. On the one hand, rationalism and empiricism argue about the source and certainty of knowledge, but they fail to provide a solid and reliable foundation for metaphysics. On the other hand, Hume’s skepticism has launched a fierce impact on the foundation of metaphysics, which makes the scientificity and validity of metaphysics questioned. Kant criticizes human cognition ability itself, reveals the limitation and possibility of human cognition through analysis of human cognition ability, and provides a new frame and thought for the development of human thinking. By criticizing traditional metaphysics, it reveals its tendency of dogmatism and limitation of reason, and realizes the “deconstruction” of old metaphysics. Through the criticism and reflection of human cognition ability, a new metaphysical system is constructed, including natural metaphysics and moral metaphysics, and the unity of the two is realized through teleological judgment, and the “reconstruction” of metaphysics is completed.