论美国生物育种安全法律制度

Safety Legal System of Biological Breeding Technology in the United States

摘要: 生物育种技术作为农业科技进步的重要驱动力，正处于快速发展的关键时期，如何保障生物育种技术的安全研发与应用成为难题。基于此，世界各国纷纷制定相应的法律法规进行监管。美国作为生物育种先驱国家，拥有较为完善的生物育种安全法律制度。与之相比，中国生物育种技术虽发展迅猛，但在安全法律规制方面仍面临不少挑战和问题。因此，吸收借鉴世界育种强国安全法律制度精华，为我国生物育种监管提供路径选择，显得紧迫而必要。本文从比较分析视角出发，聚焦于美国生物育种培育、审定及推广三个环节，通过分析考察美国政府在各环节中的制度设定及法律规定，从监管模式、产品审定和标识规定及激励制度四个方面，为我国生物育种安全管理模式提出改进建议。

Abstract: Biological breeding technology is an important driving force for the advancement of agriculture, and it is currently in a critical period of rapid development. How to ensure the safety of biological breeding technology research and application has become a difficult problem. Under this background, various countries around the world have successively formulated laws and regulations for supervision. As a pioneer in biological breeding technology around the world, the United States has a better safety legal system for the biological breeding technology. Compared with the United States, the biological breeding industry in China has developed at a faster pace, but there are still many challenges and problems in the safety legal supervision system. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to draw on the essence of advanced legal supervision experience to provide the selection for the supervision of biological breeding technology in China. From the perspective of comparative analysis, this paper focuses on the cultivation, examination and promotion to analyze the legislation and regulations in all aspects of biological breeding technology in the United States. And then it puts forward suggestions to improve the safety supervision of biological breeding technology in China from four dimensions: supervision mode, examination process, labeling regulation and incentive system.