美欧FTA数字贸易规则的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Digital Trade Rules in U.S.-EU Free Trade Agreements

摘要: 随着数字技术的快速发展，数字贸易已成为全球经济增长的重要引擎。美国和欧盟通过自由贸易协定(FTA)构建了高标准的数字贸易规则体系，分别形成了以自由化为核心的“美式模板”和以隐私保护与文化多样性为重点的“欧式模板”。美国数字贸易规则强调数据自由流动和数字产品非歧视待遇，而欧盟数字贸易规则注重隐私保护和文化例外，双方在核心理念和具体条款上存在显著分歧。基于此，中国在构建数字贸易规则时应坚持“发展与安全并重”，平衡数据流动自由与数据安全，借鉴文化例外条款维护文化多样性，并采取灵活的关税政策支持数字产业升级。同时，中国应积极参与全球数字贸易规则制定，推动建立更加公平、包容的国际数字贸易秩序。

Abstract: With the rapid development of digital technology, digital trade has become a key engine of global economic growth. The United States and the European Union have established high-standard digital trade rule systems through Free Trade Agreements (FTA), forming the “American model” centered on liberalization and the “European model” focused on privacy protection and cultural diversity. The U.S. digital trade rules emphasize free data flow and non-discriminatory treatment of digital products, while the EU digital trade rules prioritize privacy protection and cultural exceptions, reflecting significant divergences in their core principles and specific provisions. Based on this, China should adhere to a “development and security balance” approach when constructing its digital trade rules, balancing free data flow with data security, drawing on cultural exception clauses to safeguard cultural diversity, and adopting flexible tariff policies to support the upgrading of the digital industry. Meanwhile, China should actively participate in the formulation of global digital trade rules, promoting the establishment of a more equitable and inclusive international digital trade order.