张岱年和冯友兰笔下董仲舒的性三品论之比较——以《中国哲学史大纲》《中国哲学史》为例

A Comparative Analysis of Zhang Dainian and Feng Youlan’s Interpretations of Dong Zhongshu’s Theory of “Three Grades of Human Nature”—Taking “A General Introduction to Chinese Philosophy” and “The History of Chinese Philosophy” as Examples

摘要: 董仲舒承创自先秦以来的类比推理的论证手法，在《春秋繁露》中大加利用，将诸多概念与日常生活的事物相类比，使得许多概念具体化、形象化。“性三品”说之类物言理是其文本类比言说方式的一大鲜明体现。张岱年、冯友兰两位先生在中国哲学史领域造诣深厚，但在研究范围、研究方法以及对中国传统哲学的继承问题上看法不同。张岱年在《中国哲学大纲》中，以问题史为纲，将性三品论置于人性论与伦理体系的框架下分析，强调董仲舒以阴阳学说为根基，通过“性”“情”二分构建人性等级的逻辑结构，并指出其与孔孟“性善论”的本质冲突。相较之下，冯友兰的《中国哲学史》以历史分期为脉络，将性三品论视为汉代儒学融合天人感应思想的关键环节，着重其政治功能，即通过人性分等论证封建等级秩序与王道教化的合理性，并关联董仲舒思想对宋明理学的影响。故而在对董仲舒“性三品”说的阐释上也存在差异。

Abstract: Dong Zhongshu inherited the analogical reasoning techniques from the pre-Qin period and extensively utilized them in his book “Spring and Autumn Annals”; by analogizing various concepts with everyday phenomena, he rendered abstract ideas concrete and vivid. The theory of “Three types of human nature” and other material language and reasoning is a prominent manifestation of its textual analogy and expression. Scholars such as Zhang Dainian and Feng Youlan, despite their profound expertise in the history of Chinese philosophy, diverged in their interpretations of Dong Zhongshu’s theory. These differences stemmed from their distinct research scopes, methodologies, and approaches to inheriting traditional Chinese philosophy. In his Outline of Chinese Philosophy, Zhang Dainian, taking the history of problems as the framework, analyzed the theory of the three grades of human nature within the framework of human nature theory and ethical system, emphasizing that Dong Zhongshu, based on the theory of Yin and Yang, constructed the logical structure of human nature hierarchy through the dichotomy of “nature” and “emotion”, and pointed out the essential conflict between it and the “Theory of innate goodness” of Confucius and Mencius. In contrast, Feng Youlan’s “History of Chinese Philosophy” follows a chronological framework and regards the theory of the three types of human nature as a crucial link in the integration of the Confucianism of the Han Dynasty with the thought of the interaction between heaven and humanity. It focuses on its political function, that is; by classifying human nature, it argues for the rationality of the feudal hierarchical order and the soteriological role of the monarch and also links Dong Zhongshu’s ideas to the influence on the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties. Therefore, there are also differences in the interpretation of Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the “Three types of human nature”.