网络虚拟财产法律属性研究

Research on the Legal Attributes of Network Virtual Property

摘要: 数字经济时代，网络虚拟财产的法律属性争议已成为制约数字法治进程的核心难题。本文以《民法典》第127条的立法模糊性与司法实践中“同案不同判”现象为切入点，系统梳理物权说、债权说、知识产权说与新型财产权说的理论争议，揭示传统物债二分体系与虚拟财产技术逻辑的深层断裂。基于法律解释论与跨学科视角，提出“动态分类保护模型”与“准用物债二分说”，主张依据技术依赖性、支配强度与使用场景对虚拟财产进行类型化保护：对基于公有链的去中心化资产(如比特币)准用物权规则以强化绝对权保护，对依赖平台服务的账号与装备适用债权规则以平衡用户权益，对NFT等混合型资产构建协同保护机制。研究表明，司法裁判分歧源于法律定性与技术特征的错位，需通过专项立法明确区块链登记公示效力、司法解释统一裁判标准、平台责任重构与沙盒监管机制完善治理体系。未来研究应关注Web3.0与AI生成内容对虚拟财产属性的颠覆性影响，推动虚拟财产保护纳入宪法财产权体系，实现技术赋权与公民基本权利保障的有机统一。

Abstract: In the digital economy era, disputes over the legal characterization of virtual property have emerged as a core challenge to advancing the rule of law in cyberspace. This study examines the legislative ambiguity of Article 127 of the Civil Code and inconsistent judicial standards for factually analogous cases, revealing a fundamental disjunction between the traditional property-creditor dichotomy and the technological logic underpinning virtual property. Proposing a Dynamic Categorical Protection Model and the Quasi-Application of the Property-Creditor Dichotomy Theory, this research advocates typological regulation of virtual property based on technological dependency, control intensity, and application context: decentralized assets (e.g., Bitcoin) quasi-apply property rules to enhance absolute rights protection; platform-dependent accounts and equipment adhere to creditor rules to balance user interests; and hybrid assets like NFTs require coordinated mechanisms. Empirical analysis demonstrates that judicial divergences stem from misalignment between legal characterization and technological attributes, necessitating governance frameworks through specialized legislation (e.g., Virtual Property Protection Regulations), unified judicial standards for blockchain registration, and regulatory sandbox mechanisms. Future research should address disruptive impacts of Web3.0 and AI-generated content, while promoting constitutional integration of virtual property protection to harmonize technological empowerment with fundamental civil rights guarantees.