延迟退休政策的社会福利与劳动力市场效应

The Social Welfare and Labor Market Effects of the Delayed Retirement Policy

摘要: 本文旨在围绕延迟退休政策，阐述其在人口老龄化背景下对社会福利和劳动力市场的综合影响。在社会福利层面，延迟退休政策可有效缓解养老金支付压力，增强养老保障体系可持续性；同时有助于提升部分老年人生活质量，促进代际公平。但对体力劳动者而言，可能因工作强度影响健康与生活质量。对于劳动力市场，该政策直接增加劳动力供给总量，改变年龄结构，在不同行业引发劳动力需求变化，加剧就业市场竞争，或导致年轻群体就业压力增大、工资水平波动及就业歧视问题。研究通过梳理政策发展历程，揭示政策实施面临的群体利益协调难、劳动力市场结构性矛盾加剧、社会保障制度配套不足等挑战，并提出制定差异化渐进式政策、加强劳动力市场调节、完善社保制度、加强宣传沟通等建议，为完善延迟退休政策提供理论与实践参考。

Abstract: This paper aims to expound the comprehensive impacts of the delayed retirement policy on social welfare and the labor market against the backdrop of population aging. At the social welfare level, the delayed retirement policy can effectively alleviate the pressure of pension payments and enhance the sustainability of the pension security system. Meanwhile, it helps improve the quality of life of some elderly people and promotes intergenerational equity. However, for manual workers, the policy may affect their health and quality of life due to work intensity. In the labor market, this policy directly increases the total labor supply, changes the age structure, triggers changes in labor demand across different industries, intensifies competition in the job market, and may lead to increased employment pressure on young people, fluctuations in wage levels, and employment discrimination. Through combing the development history of the policy, the study reveals the challenges faced in its implementation, such as difficulties in coordinating the interests of different groups, intensifying structural contradictions in the labor market, and inadequacies in the supporting social security system. It also puts forward suggestions, including formulating differential and gradual policies, strengthening the regulation of the labor market, improving the social security system, and enhancing publicity and communication, so as to provide theoretical and practical references for improving the delayed retirement policy.