数字经济下网络主播数据权与竞业限制的冲突本质、规制困境与法律规制路径重构

The Conflict Essence, Regulatory Dilemmas, and Legal Regulatory Pathway Reconstruction of Online Anchors’ Data Rights and Non-Compete Restrictions in the Digital Economy

摘要: 数字经济时代，网络直播行业的快速发展催生了平台与主播间的新型权益冲突。本研究聚焦网络主播数据权与竞业限制的制度性矛盾，揭示平台通过技术垄断与法律规则漏洞，将主播个人劳动成果异化为商业秘密的本质特征。平台利用算法黑箱模糊主播创意劳动与平台技术贡献的边界，通过格式条款将粉丝数据、流量资源等混合型数据纳入商业秘密范畴，形成对数字劳动者的系统性压制。本文通过构建“三级数据确权规则”与“算法影响分级评估制度”，提出分层确权与算法监管的双向规制体系：在确权层面，区分基础设施数据、混合生成数据与个性创造数据，建立贡献度量化评估模型；在监管层面，创新区块链存证与数据信托机制，破解算法权力的隐性控制。通过比较法分析与实证研究，论证了“数据权益束分离”理论与技术治理工具协同应用的可行性，为平衡企业商业秘密保护与数字劳动者权益提供了创新性解决方案，促进数据正义与数字经济生态协同发展。

Abstract: In the era of digital economy, the rapid development of the live-streaming industry has given rise to novel conflicts of interests between platforms and anchors. This study focuses on the institutional contradiction between network anchors’ data rights and non-compete restrictions, revealing how platforms essentially appropriate anchors’ personal labor achievements as trade secrets through technological monopolies and loopholes in legal regulations. By leveraging algorithmic black boxes to blur the boundaries between anchors’ creative labor and platform technological contributions, platforms systematically suppress digital laborers through standardized clauses that subsume hybrid data such as fan statistics and traffic resources into the realm of trade secrets. This research proposes a dual regulatory system combining hierarchical rights confirmation and algorithmic supervision: At the rights confirmation level, we establish a “three-tier data ownership confirmation rule” differentiating infrastructure data, hybrid-generated data, and personalized creative data, accompanied by a contribution quantification evaluation model. Regarding supervision, we innovate blockchain-based evidence preservation and data trust mechanisms to dismantle the covert control of algorithmic power. Through comparative legal analysis and empirical research, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of the “data rights bundle separation” theory and the coordinated application of technological governance tools, offering innovative solutions to balance corporate trade secret protection with digital laborers’ rights. This approach aims to promote data justice and foster synergistic development within the digital economic ecosystem.