煤矿覆岩移动规律的多尺度耦合机制及工程调控研究综述

Review on the Multi-Scale Coupling Mechanism of Overburden Movement Characteristics and Its Engineering Control

摘要: 煤矿开采覆岩移动易引发动力灾害与生态破坏，随开采深度增加和煤层条件复杂化，传统理论难以解释其非线性多场耦合作用。国内外学者通过理论建模、数值模拟与现场实测，在充填、深部及大倾角煤层等领域取得进展。理论建模采用弹性地基梁、拱壳结构及关键层理论，数值模拟借助UDEC、FLAC3D和相似实验，结合微震监测、地表沉降与应力实测开展研究。结果表明，充填体刚度与步距可调控覆岩变形；深部开采覆岩破坏以大变形为主，导水裂隙带稳定；急倾斜煤层顶板呈“厂”型破断；大倾角大采高覆岩三维非对称运动；多煤层开采中硬岩比例主导裂隙带高度，据此形成相应调控策略。未来需完善理论模型，开发高精度模拟系统，结合AI建立智能预测模型，创新绿色开采技术实现精确调控。

Abstract: Coal mining-induced overburden movement readily triggers dynamic disasters and ecological damage, with increasing mining depth and complex seam conditions making its nonlinear, multi-field coupling mechanisms difficult to explain using traditional theories. Domestic and international researchers have advanced understanding through theoretical modeling (elastic foundation beam, arch-shell structures, key stratum theory), numerical simulation (UDEC, FLAC3D, similarity experiments), and field monitoring (microseismic, surface subsidence, in-situ stress), particularly for backfill mining, deep mining, and steeply dipping coal seams. Results demonstrate that backfill body stiffness and placement step distance regulate overburden deformation; deep mining overburden failure is dominated by large deformations with stabilized water-conducting fracture zones; steeply dipping seam roofs exhibit an “inverted trapezoid” (“厂” type) fracture pattern; overburden movement in steeply dipping seams with high mining heights presents three-dimensional asymmetry; and in multi-seam mining, the proportion of hard rock strata governs fractured zone height, forming the basis for corresponding control strategies. Future research requires refining theoretical models, developing high-precision simulation systems, establishing AI-powered intelligent prediction models, and innovating green mining technologies to achieve precise overburden movement regulation.