论《民法典》第448条对海运船舶的适用

On the Application of Article 448 of the Civil Code to Maritime Vessels

摘要: 《民法典》第448条规定的商事留置权有适用于海运船舶的可能性和必要性，但由于留置物标的特殊，直接适用可能产生一系列问题，如《海商法》对船舶留置权定义不明、善意第三方利益和航运秩序受损、船舶流动属性受到抑制导致其价值减损。为解决该问题，应当明确和贯彻以下理念：第一，遵循特别法优于一般法的基本规则；第二，平衡保护债权人、债务人、第三人利益；第三，维护并促进航运市场经营秩序的良性发展。最后，在上述理念的指引下，对《海商法》第25条规定的船舶留置权进行相应调适：保持现行船舶留置权的列举式定义，并否认海运船舶商事留置权的善意取得。

Abstract: The commercial lien stipulated in Article 448 of the Civil Code has the possibility and necessity of being applicable to maritime vessels. However, due to the special nature of the subject matter of the lien, its direct application may cause a series of problems, such as unclear definition of maritime lien in the Maritime Law, damage to the interests of third parties in good faith and the order of navigation, and the suppression of the vessel’s mobility, resulting in a decrease in its value. To solve this problem, the following concepts should be clearly defined and implemented: first, follow the basic rules that special law is superior to general law; Secondly, balance and protect the interests of creditors, debtors, and third parties; Thirdly, maintain and promote the healthy development of the operating order in the shipping market. Finally, guided by the above concepts, corresponding adjustments should be made to the maritime lien stipulated in Article 25 of the Maritime Law: maintaining the current enumeration definition of maritime lien and denying the good faith acquisition of maritime vessel commercial lien.