非营利法人派生诉讼制度的法理建构与适用边界研究

A Study on the Legal Theory Construction and Application Boundaries of the Derivative Litigation System for Non-Profit Corporations

摘要: 随着我国非营利法人数量的激增与治理实践的深化，管理人滥用职权、侵害法人财产及公益目的实现的问题日益凸显。现有法律框架下，成员、捐助人的权利救济与法人利益保护存在制度空白，构建非营利法人派生诉讼制度具有迫切的现实需求。本文以《民法典》法人制度为基础，运用规范分析、比较研究与法理阐释方法，系统论证非营利法人派生诉讼的制度正当性，清晰界定其核心范畴与适用边界，为该制度的理论建构与后续立法完善提供支撑。研究认为，非营利法人派生诉讼并非股东派生诉讼的简单套用，其具有独立的法理基础与制度逻辑，应基于“公益导向 + 类型区分”原则确立适用规则，通过多元正当性基础、类型化适用规则与公益优先的价值导向，实现对非营利法人利益的全面保护与公益目标的有效保障。

Abstract: With the rapid increase in the number of non-profit legal persons in China and the deepening of governance practices, issues such as the abuse of authority by managers, infringement of legal person property, and the realization of public welfare objectives have become increasingly prominent. Under the existing legal framework, there are institutional gaps in the rights remedies for members and donors and the protection of legal person interests. Establishing a derivative litigation system for non-profit legal persons is an urgent practical necessity. This paper systematically argues for the institutional legitimacy of derivative suits for nonprofit legal entities based on the legal entity system of the Civil Code. Employing normative analysis, comparative research, and jurisprudential interpretation, it clearly defines the core scope and boundaries of application, providing support for the theoretical construction and subsequent legislative refinement of this system. The study concludes that derivative litigation for nonprofit legal persons is not a simple extension of shareholder derivative litigation. It possesses an independent legal foundation and institutional logic. Its application rules should be established based on the principle of “public interest orientation + typological differentiation.” Through a multi-faceted legitimacy foundation, typological application rules, and a value orientation prioritizing public interest, it aims to achieve comprehensive protection of nonprofit legal persons’ interests and effective safeguarding of public interest objectives.