我国轻罪犯罪附随后果的适用反思与规范路径研究

Research on the System of Collateral Consequences for Minor Crime: Reflection and Normative Approaches

摘要: 随着我国刑事立法活性化与犯罪结构轻刑化趋势的演进，“轻罪时代”特征日益凸显。轻罪数量增多，轻罪发生率逐年上升，而与之相配套的犯罪附随后果制度却没有作出系统性调适，导致出现刑罚效应过度扩张、前科人员社会复归困难、制度运行失范等问题。当前，附随后果的适用标准模糊、与罪行之间的实质关联性薄弱、以及可能产生的负面连带效应等困境，制约着该制度摆脱重刑时代的桎梏从而走向现代化与法治化。鉴于此，本文在全面梳理实践现状与实践困境的基础上，从限缩适用范围、构建以人身危险性为核心的评估标准、以及探索建立分层式的前科消灭与复权机制三方面，对我国犯罪附随后果的适用机制进行了系统性的完善，以期在社会防卫与人权保障之间实现最大的平衡，促进我国前科附随后果制度能够更好契合现代法治精神。

Abstract: With the trend of active criminal legislation and the mitigation of crime structure in China, the characteristics of the “era of minor crime” are becoming increasingly prominent. The number of minor crime cases is increasing, and the incidence of minor crime is rising year by year, yet the corresponding system of collateral consequences has not been systematically adjusted, leading to issues such as excessive expansion of punitive effects, difficulties in the social reintegration of individuals with criminal records, and irregularities in system operation. Currently, the ambiguous application standards, weak substantive connection between consequences and offenses, and potential negative spillover effects hinder the transformation of this system from a traditional punitive mindset to a modern rule-of-law function. In view of this, this paper, on the basis of a comprehensive review of the current situation and the practice dilemma, has systematically improved the application mechanism of the consequences of crime in China from three aspects: limiting the scope of application, constructing the assessment standard with the core of personal danger, and exploring the establishment of a hierarchical mechanism of the elimination of criminal record and the restoration of rights. The aim is to balance social defense and human rights protection, promoting the alignment of this system with the spirit of the modern rule of law.