马克思对黑格尔异化劳动理论的批判与超越——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的解读

Marx’s Criticism and Transcendence of Hegel’s Alienated Labor Theory—Based on the Interpretation of The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: 《1844年经济学哲学手稿》是马克思哲学思想的重要萌芽文本。“异化劳动”是该文本的核心理论，马克思以黑格尔唯心主义辩证法为理论参照，扬弃其思辨哲学的抽象性，将异化问题从精神领域转向现实的物质生产实践。异化概念成为马克思批判国民经济学的锐利武器，他借此深入剖析资本主义私有财产的内在矛盾，揭示其对人的本质力量的遮蔽与异化。马克思的理论旨归不仅在于澄明私有财产的历史局限，更在于探寻扬弃异化、实现人的本质力量复归与人的自由全面发展的现实路径。

Abstract: The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 stands as a seminal text in the embryonic development of Marx’s philosophical thought. The theory of “alienated labor” serves as its central concept. Drawing upon Hegelian idealist dialectics, Marx transcends the abstract nature of speculative philosophy by shifting the focus of alienation from the realm of spirit to concrete material production practices. This concept became Marx’s sharp instrument for critiquing political economy, enabling him to dissect the inherent contradictions of capitalist private property and expose its suppression of human essential potential and alienation. Marx’s theoretical pursuit extends beyond clarifying the historical limitations of private property to exploring practical pathways for overcoming alienation, restoring human essential potential, and achieving free and comprehensive human development.