典型动产担保物权的优先顺位规则研究

A Study on the Priority Rules of Typical Chattel Security Interests

摘要: 本文聚焦于《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)框架下典型动产担保物权(动产抵押权、动产质权、留置权)的优先顺位规则。研究首先阐述了在现代市场经济中，因同一动产上并存多个担保物权而引发的受偿顺序问题。随后，文章系统梳理了动产担保物权顺位制度的理论基础，界定了其内涵、范围及构成要件。研究重点剖析了现行规则在实践中面临的三大挑战：功能主义担保形式对传统体系的冲击、权利变动模式模糊导致的公示效力不确定，以及登记与占有这两种公示方式效力差异引发的冲突。最后，为应对这些挑战，文章尝试构建一个由四个核心原则组成的优先顺位规则体系：(1) 法定优先原则(留置权绝对优先)；(2) “公示在先、权利在先”原则；(3) 善意第三人保护原则；(4) 价款债权超级优先原则。研究旨在为司法实践提供清晰指引，优化营商环境，并促进动产担保制度的价值实现。

Abstract: This paper focuses on the priority rules of typical chattel security interests (including chattel mortgages, pledges, and liens) within the framework of China’s Civil Code. The study begins by emphasizing the importance of determining the order of repayment when multiple security interests coexist on the same movable property in a modern market economy. Subsequently, the article systematically reviews the theoretical foundations of the priority system for Chattel security interests, clarifying its connotations, scope, and constituent elements. The research places particular emphasis on analyzing three major challenges faced by the current rules in practice: the impact of functionalist security forms on the traditional system, uncertainties in the effectiveness of publicity due to ambiguous models of rights alteration, and conflicts arising from differences in the effects of registration and possession as two methods of publicity. Finally, to address these challenges, the paper attempts to construct a priority rule system composed of four core principles: (1) the principle of statutory priority (absolute priority of liens); (2) the principle of “first in publicity, first in right”; (3) the principle of protecting bona fide third parties; and (4) the principle of super-priority for purchase-money security interests. The study aims to provide clear guidance for judicial practice, optimize the business environment, and promote the realization of the value of the Chattel security system.