电阻抗肺功能成像设备的临床应用

Clinical Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) Devices

摘要: 电阻抗肺功能成像(EIT)凭借其无创、实时、可床旁监测的优势，正成为呼吸与危重症医学领域的重要监测工具。它通过体表电极阻抗变化重建胸腔内通气分布图像，为肺通气动力学的区域评估提供了可视化手段。本文系统综述了EIT的技术原理及其在关键临床场景中的应用进展，包括慢阻肺/哮喘的功能评估、ARDS患者个体化通气策略(如PEEP与潮气量)优化、机械通气患者的同步性管理与脱机指导，以及肺复苏与通气–灌注失衡分析的探索。然而，EIT的临床应用仍受限于空间分辨率不足、定量标准不统一及运动伪影等问题。未来，通过改进重建算法、融合深度学习与多模态监测、推动设备便携化与标准化研究，EIT有望从辅助工具演进为常规呼吸监测与个体化治疗的核心技术，为改善重症患者预后提供关键支持。

Abstract: Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is emerging as a crucial monitoring tool in respiratory and critical care medicine, owing to its non-invasive, real-time, and bedside monitoring capabilities. By reconstructing images of intra-thoracic ventilation distribution from changes in surface electrode impedance, it provides a visualization method for the regional assessment of pulmonary ventilation dynamics. This article systematically reviews the technical principles of EIT and its advancements in key clinical applications, including functional assessment in COPD/asthma, optimization of individualized ventilation strategies (such as PEEP and tidal volume) in ARDS patients, synchronization management and weaning guidance for mechanically ventilated patients, and the exploration of lung recruitment and ventilation-perfusion imbalance analysis. However, the clinical application of EIT remains limited by issues such as insufficient spatial resolution, lack of unified quantitative standards, and motion artifacts. In the future, through improvements in reconstruction algorithms, integration of deep learning and multimodal monitoring, and the promotion of device portability and standardization research, EIT holds the potential to evolve from an auxiliary tool into a core technology for routine respiratory monitoring and individualized treatment, providing critical support for improving outcomes in critically ill patients.