肺磨玻璃结节亚肺叶切除术中的动态切缘 策略——基于术前影像亚型与多模态术中技术
Dynamic Margin Strategy in Sub-Lobar Resection for Lung Ground-Glass Nodules—Based on Preoperative Imaging Subtypes and Multimodal Intraoperative Techniques
摘要: 目的:探讨针对以磨玻璃结节(GGO)为特征的早期肺癌,在亚肺叶切除术中实施个体化“动态切缘”(Dynamic Margin)策略的理论基础与实践路径。方法:综述GGO的影像–病理学特征,剖析当前国际切缘指南的共识与分歧,并总结术中导航与切缘评估技术的最新进展。结果:传统“一刀切”的切缘标准无法适应GGO亚型(纯磨玻璃结节[pGGO]与混合性磨玻璃结节[mGGO])的生物学异质性。基于实性成分占比(consolidation tumor ratio, CTR)的精准风险分层可明确不同亚型GGO的侵袭潜能与复发风险,国际指南对切缘距离的推荐存在显著差异,而三维重建、支气管镜定位、吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光导航等术中技术及冰冻病理、分子成像等切缘验证手段,为个体化切缘决策提供了技术支撑。讨论:“动态切缘”策略通过术前影像分层制定初始计划,术中整合实时导航与多维度验证技术动态调整切除范围,可在确保肿瘤根治性的同时,最大限度地保留肺功能。结论:“动态切缘”整合了多学科前沿技术,有望优化早期GGO型肺癌的手术决策,实现肿瘤控制与功能保存的最佳平衡。
Abstract: Objective: To explore the theoretical basis and practical pathway of implementing an individualized “dynamic margin” strategy during sublobar resection for early-stage lung cancer characterized by ground-glass nodules (GGO). Methods: We reviewed the imaging-pathological characteristics of GGO, analyzed the consensus and discrepancies in current international margin guidelines, and summarized the latest advances in intraoperative navigation and margin assessment technologies. Results: The traditional “one-size-fits-all” margin standard is not adaptable to the biological heterogeneity of GGO subtypes (pure ground-glass nodules [pGGO] and mixed ground-glass nodules [mGGO]). Precision risk stratification based on the consolidation tumor ratio (CTR) can clarify the invasive potential and recurrence risk of different GGO subtypes. There are significant differences in margin distance recommendations among international guidelines, while intraoperative technologies such as three-dimensional reconstruction, bronchoscopic localization, and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence navigation, as well as margin verification methods including frozen section pathology and molecular imaging, provide technical support for individualized margin decision-making. Discussion: The “dynamic margin” strategy formulates an initial plan through preoperative imaging stratification, dynamically adjusts the resection range by integrating real-time navigation and multi-dimensional verification technologies during surgery, and can maximize lung function preservation while ensuring oncological radicality. Conclusion: The “dynamic margin” strategy, integrating cutting-edge multidisciplinary technologies, is expected to optimize surgical decision-making for early-stage GGO-type lung cancer, achieving the best balance between tumor control and functional preservation.
文章引用:刘洋, 朱冰. 肺磨玻璃结节亚肺叶切除术中的动态切缘 策略——基于术前影像亚型与多模态术中技术[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 1280-1293. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162513

1. 引言

低剂量螺旋CT (LDCT)筛查的普及与影像技术的进步显著提高了肺磨玻璃结节(ground-glass opacity, GGO)的检出率,其中直径 ≤ 2 cm的GGO构成早期肺癌的主体[1]。这一趋势推动亚肺叶切除术(包括肺段/楔形切除)从肺功能受限患者的替代方案,逐步成为特定早期肺癌(尤其是GGO为主型病变)的首选术式[2]。关键III期研究(如JCOG0802 [3]和CALGB 140503 [4])证实:对于直径 ≤ 2 cm的周围型非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC),亚肺叶切除术的生存结局非劣于肺叶切除术,奠定了其在外科治疗中的重要地位。

然而,亚肺叶切除术的成功高度依赖手术切缘的充分性。传统切缘距离标准(“≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径”) [5] [6]在应对具有独特生物学行为的GGO亚型时面临严峻挑战。根据高分辨率CT表现,GGO可分为纯磨玻璃结节(pure ground-glass opacity, pGGO, CTR = 0)与混合性磨玻璃结节(mixed ground-glass opacity, mGGO, CTR > 0),二者在病理基础及侵袭潜能上存在本质差异[7] [8]。pGGO多表现为惰性生长[7] [9] [10],而mGGO的实性成分占比与侵袭潜能呈显著正相关,且影像学边界常无法准确反映真实侵袭范围[11] [12]。这种“一刀切”的固定切缘标准导致临床实践中的“双重困境”:对pGGO过度切除造成肺功能浪费,对高侵袭性mGGO则可能因切缘不足增加局部复发风险。

当前关于GGO亚肺叶切除术切缘距离标准的循证指南与临床实践存在显著分歧,凸显了该领域研究的核心缺口:首先,现有综述未系统整合pGGO/mGGO及其CTR分层与切距、复发风险的关系。其次,术中导航技术价值未充分挖掘,冰冻切片、切缘细胞学检查、术中分子成像等可实时量化切缘,但其对个体化切缘决策的贡献尚未被系统评述。

为弥合上述缺口,本综述首次提出“动态切缘”策略:该策略强调在术前基于精准的影像学亚型分层(pGGO/mGGO + CTR分级)初步制定个体化切缘计划;在术中,利用实时导航技术可视化边界,结合术中冰冻、分子细胞学验证即时调整切除范围。本综述的核心目标在于弥合多学科研究孤岛,为优化早期肺癌亚肺叶切除术的切缘决策提供坚实的理论基础与实践指导,最终实现肿瘤根治与肺功能保留的最佳平衡,推动早期肺癌外科治疗迈向精准化与个体化新时代。

2. GGO的影像学–病理学基础与STAS切缘挑战

2.1. GGO亚型的影像–病理关联与生物学特性

pGGO在影像学上表现为均匀的磨砂玻璃样阴影,不掩盖肺血管或支气管结构,其病理本质以前驱病变或低度恶性潜能肿瘤为主。前瞻性研究[9] [13]表明,对于最大直径 ≤ 2 cm的pGGO,亚肺叶切除术后的10年总生存率可达98.5%,局部复发率低于1%,反映出其惰性的生物学行为。但是一项纳入24项研究的Meta分析显示[7],pGGO术后病理中约60%为原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ, AIS)或微浸润腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, MIA),浸润性腺癌(invasive adenocarcinoma, IAC)占比高达27%,且其中半数并非贴壁为主型。这一发现对当前指南[14]将纯GGO一概归类为贴壁为主型病变并归入临床0期的做法提出了挑战。

相比之下,mGGO则呈现显著异质性。CTR大小与肿瘤的预后显著相关,亚肺叶切除的复发风险随CTR的增加持续升高[15],当CTR > 0.5时,复发率增幅最为显著,故临床实践中常以CTR = 0.5为界,将GGO分为磨玻璃为主型(CTR < 0.5)和实性为主型(CTR > 0.5)。病理学研究显示,mGGO的磨玻璃区域可存在贴壁样、腺泡样乃至微乳头样成分(发生率为11.9%),而其内部实性区域中微乳头/实体型等高侵袭成分占比可达28.5%,并与气腔播散(spread through air spaces, STAS)密切相关[12]。由于这种结构异质性,mGGO的影像学边界常难以准确反映实际侵袭范围:影像所测实性成分直径多小于病理侵袭灶,导致近半数患者出现临床T分期低估。

2.2. STAS:GGO亚肺叶切除术中的切缘决策挑战

气腔播散(STAS)作为肺腺癌的一种侵袭性模式,是亚肺叶切除术后局部复发的重要危险因素,对切缘决策构成核心挑战。其挑战性源于两方面:其一,STAS多见于实性成分占比高(CTR > 0.5)的病变,这些脱离主瘤的细胞导致影像学边界无法反映真实侵袭范围[12] [16];其二,现有证据表明,对于肿瘤直径 ≤ 2 cm的STAS阳性患者,亚肺叶切除术后的无进展生存期显著劣于肺叶切除术[17]。更严峻的是,术中冰冻切片对STAS的检出灵敏度有限(约56.4%) [18],即使术中对切缘宽度评估满意(如切缘/肿瘤直径比 > 1),仍无法排除STAS微转移灶残留所带来的复发风险[19]。凸显了现有技术下针对STAS肺腺癌确保切缘安全的巨大困难。这种STAS相关的切缘风险差异,进一步支持了根据GGO亚型及CTR分层制定个体化切缘策略的必要性。

3. 当前切缘距离标准:指南共识与争议

3.1. 当前指南的分歧

目前国际权威指南对亚肺叶切除术中切缘距离标准的建议仍存在明显差异,尤其在针对磨玻璃结节(GGO)不同亚型的处理策略上(表1)。

NCCN指南(2024 v4)推荐亚肺叶切除术适用于≤2 cm的外周型非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),要求手术切距需“≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径”,但未区分GGOs的CTR差异[20]

欧洲胸外科医师学会(ESTS) 2023指南[21]推荐:对于位于肺外周1/3区域的pGGO,推荐施行楔形切除术;对于位于肺中央区域的pGGO,则推荐行肺段切除术。对于mGGO,一律推荐肺段切除术联合淋巴结清扫。无论采用何种切除方式,微创手术应作为首选术式。为保障肿瘤完整切除,该指南要求术中切距需满足以下任一条件:距离 ≥ 1 cm或切距/肿瘤直径比(margin to tumor diameter ratio, M/T) ≥ 1。

中华医学会肺癌临床诊疗指南(2024版) [22]推荐:对于临床分期为cT1a~bN0期、含有GGO成分且位于肺外周的NSCLC,应优先考虑亚肺叶切除术,其中肺段切除术应作为首选术式。对于同样处于cT1a~bN0期但肺功能储备不足或合并其他严重并发症等不宜行肺叶切除的高危患者,推荐行楔形切除术,肺段切除术可作为次选方案。同时指南强调,无论采取何种亚肺叶切除方式(肺段切除或楔形切除),均需确保肺实质切缘距离 ≥ 2 cm或≥肿瘤直径。

中国专家共识(2024) [23]在亚肺叶切除术的切缘处理上提出了更精细化的手术选择方式标准——基于CTR和位置进行推荐:① pGGO:外周1/3区推荐楔形切除术;中/外1/3区或肺段内推荐肺段/复合肺段/联合亚段切除。② mGGO:CTR < 0.25且外周1/3区推荐楔形切除术;0.25 ≤ CTR < 0.5推荐肺段切除术;CTR ≥ 0.5推荐肺叶或肺段切除术(选择肺段切除时须确保术中淋巴结评估阴性);楔形切除特殊要求:在满足基本切缘距离原则“>2 cm或>肿瘤最大径”基础上,肉眼肿瘤切缘距离需>5 mm;若术中评估不足5 mm,必须通过冰冻切片病理检查证实切缘阴性。若评估不足,需中转肺段或肺叶切除术。

多项研究进一步支持个体化切缘策略。El-Sherif等[24]发现,切缘 < 1 cm时局部复发率显著升高(19% vs 8%, P = 0.003),建议至少≥1 cm。Mohiuddin等[25]支持对≤2 cm结节采用1.5~2.0 cm切缘,超过1.5 cm未见额外获益(P = 0.033)。Sawabata等[26]提出M/T比值 ≥ 1与更好生存相关。Moon等[27]强调,对于含GGO的肺腺癌,切缘/浸润成分比值 > 1可显著改善预后。

Table 1. Comparison of international guidelines for margin distance standards in GGO sub-lobar resection

1. 国际指南对GGO亚肺叶切除切距标准的对比

指南/共识

pGGO (CTR = 0)

mGGO-CTR 0.25

mGGO-0.25 < CTR 0.5

mGGO-CTR > 0.5

NCCN 2024

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

ESTS2 023

切缘 ≥ 1 cm或 ≥肿瘤直径

切缘 ≥ 1 cm或 ≥肿瘤直径

切缘 ≥ 1 cm或 ≥肿瘤直径

切缘 ≥ 1 cm 或 ≥肿瘤直径

中国肺癌临床指南2024

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径

中国共识2024

≥0.5 cm (楔形切除)

楔形 + ≥0.5 cm

段切 + ≥2 cm 或≥肿瘤直径

肺叶或肺段切除 (≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径)

3.2. 核心争议焦点剖析

3.2.1. pGGO的切缘距离安全性争议

NCCN与中国指南仍推荐pGGO切缘应“≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径”。但新证据显示该标准可能过于严格。JCOG0804研究表明[28],pGGO中不存在高级别亚型或STAS,对于CTR ≤ 0.25的外周pGGO,楔形切除(切距 ≥ 5 mm)的5年OS (overall survival)与RFS (recurrence-free survival)分别达99.4%和99.7%,10年OS与RFS也均超过98.5%。Li等[10]报道即使pGGO术后诊断为IAC,10年RFS仍为100%。Kim等[29]支持≥5 mm切缘距离是无复发生存的显著预后因素,且浸润性成分对预后无额外影响(HR = 8.21, p = 0.063)。这些结果提示,当前“≥2 cm”标准对pGGO可能过于严格,需根据其低侵袭生物学行为制定更合理的切缘范围。

3.2.2. mGGO的CTR分层切缘距离争议

对于“影像学非浸润性”肺癌(≤2 cm, CTR ≤ 0.25),有研究[28]验证,针对该类型周围型肺腺癌,亚肺叶切除术(主要为楔形切除术,并将楔形切除的安全切缘距离阈值设定为≥5 mm)的5年RFS达99.7% (90%置信区间[CI]:98.3%~99.9%),5年OS为99.4% (95% CI: 97.5%~99.8%),充分证实该术式的肿瘤学有效性。对具有一定浸润特征的mGGO (如肿瘤 ≤ 3 cm且CTR ≤ 0.5),JCOG1211 [30]显示肺段切除5年RFS达98.0%;Ma等[31]在排除AIS/MIA后发现,肺段切除术与肺叶切除术的5年OS和RFS无统计学差异。Zhang等[32]报道对于≤2 cm且0.25 < CTR ≤ 0.5患者,楔形切除与肺段切除5年RFS无统计学差异(97.87% vs 97.73%, P = 0.987),但对2~3 cm且CTR ≤ 0.5者,楔形切除RFS显著较低(90.61% vs 100%, P = 0.043),提示肺段切除对较大或实性成分较高的mGGO具有局部控制优势。值得注意的是,长期随访显示即便AIS/MIA患者,第二原发肺癌发生率在10年时可达5.6%~7.7% [33] [34],中位发生时间约87~97个月。因此首次手术中最大限度保留肺实质(如精准楔形切除)对预留二次手术机会具有重要意义。

对更具侵袭性的mGGO (≤2 cm, CTR > 0.5),JCOG0802/WJOG4607L [3]证实肺段切除相比肺叶切除具有更高5年OS (94.3% vs 91.1%),且复发后接受根治性治疗的比例更高(93% vs 80%),确立了肺段切除在此类患者中的地位。尽管Hattori等[35]认为CTR > 0.5后无需再细分,但Xi等[36]发现CTR > 0.75时微乳头/实体成分比例和淋巴结转移率显著升高;Jing等[37]也认为CTR > 0.75是IA期肺腺癌预后不良的独立危险因素。因此,切距达标在此类患者中的关键作用不容忽视。多变量分析[38]提示影像学实性结节、切缘 < 肿瘤直径、男性性别是局部–区域复发(locoregional recurrence, LRR)的危险因素。一项回顾性研究[39]指出,对亚实性结节(≤3 cm, GGO ≥ 10%),切缘 ≤ 0.5 cm和CTR对RFS有潜在影响,并提出M/T > 1.0可能是更可靠的局部复发预测指标。

为更精准筛选适合亚肺叶切除的侵袭性GGO患者,一项包括19个中心的前瞻性III期试验[40]正在进行,其以“总直径 < 3 cm且实性成分 < 2 cm”为入组标准(取代传统CTR),以5年RFS和OS为主要终点,验证肺段切除的非劣效性。该设计基于上海胸科医院研究[41],认为实性成分的绝对大小(而非总大小或CTR)是预测组织学亚型和预后的更优指标,因此提出实性成分 ≤ 2 cm或为更合理的手术筛选阈值。

综上,尽管CTR分层为mGGO手术策略制定提供了重要依据,但并非唯一因素。当前证据表明:1) 切缘应随浸润程度(体现为CTR或实性成分大小)动态调整;2) 实性成分绝对大小可能在预后判断中较CTR比例更为关键;3) 第二原发肺癌风险凸显首次手术中肺保护的重要性。因此,“动态切缘”不仅依赖于个体化影像–病理特征设定切缘,更需借助术中实时导航与快速病理技术实现精确切除与切缘确认,从而在肿瘤控制与功能保留之间达到最优平衡。

4. 术中技术创新:从经验决策到实时导航

亚肺叶切除术的成功高度依赖术中精确的定位与切缘的实时判断。近年来,术中导航、术中冰冻、术中分子细胞学技术的发展显著提升了手术精度,使得“动态切缘”有了更丰富的决策思路。

4.1. 术中定位技术革新

4.1.1. 三维重建

三维重建通过软件提取术前CT数据,将肺动脉、肺静脉、支气管的二维图像转化为血管树与支气管树的三维影像,精准识别个体化解剖结构、肺段划分及目标肺段毗邻关系。该技术对术前定位、手术规划、术前模拟及术中导航具有重要价值[42],尤其是虚拟定义的段间平面及切除边缘可进行充分的手术模拟,为制定个体化手术方案提供参考依据。研究表明,人体肺血管解剖变异的发生率超过30% [43],三维重建对这些解剖变异的检出率高达85% [44],术前充分识别这些解剖变异能够使外科医生优化手术入路,大幅缩短手术时长、减少术中出血量并提高手术成功率[45]。在评估切缘方面,一项对比研究显示,在手术规划中使用三维成像的患者(n = 36)实现了100%的满意手术边缘率。而在仅用二维CT的对照组(n = 32)中,有4例患者(4/32)因边缘不足需追加楔形切除——差异具有统计学意义,这凸显了三维重建的优势[46]。但三维重建的准确模拟需要术前高质量的CT数据,部分肺血管及支气管变异无法准确模拟,且三维重建时肺部处于膨胀状态且位于正常解剖位置,而术中单肺通气后患肺萎陷并受多方牵拉,可能偏离正常解剖位置,从而影响术中解剖结构的正确识别[47]

4.1.2. 支气管镜辅助定位

支气管镜辅助定位技术是在术前通过导航支气管镜精确引导至目标病灶附近,置入标记物定位目标病灶及判断切除范围。置入的标记物有弹簧圈[48]、染色剂[49] [50]、射频识别标记[51]等。而导航支气管镜分为虚拟导航支气管镜(virtual bronchoscopy navigation, VBN)与电磁导航支气管镜(electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, ENB)。经VBN辅助定位技术又称虚拟辅助肺图(virtual-assisted lung mapping, VAL-MAP)技术,通过导航支气管将染色剂(通常是ICG或亚甲蓝)注射到目标段支气管附近的支气管黏膜下或穿透支气管壁到脏层胸膜下,再通过计算机重建技术绘制清晰的肺结节位置和安全切缘范围的肺部图像。前瞻性多中心研究[52]显示出98.0%的成功切除率及87.7%的充足切距。有研究表明[53],VAL-MAP技术辅助的亚肺叶切除术的长期疗效令人满意。而ENB需将患者置于磁场中,使用传感探头实时定位支气管镜头方位,随时调整探头位置,从而引导支气管镜到达目标病灶进行定位[54]。有研究经ENB置入射频识别标记物(RFID),可精准定位深部肺内结节,通过识别射频信号强度来确定最佳切除线,获得了足够的切缘[55]。一项荟萃分析[56]显示,ENB标记成功率达96%,VBN标记成功率为94%。现行ENB/VBN技术主要依赖术前CT影像,而术中肺容积改变、肺不张及呼吸运动导致的结节位移会影响病灶空间位置关系(被称为“CT-身体差异”) [57]。有研究[58]表明,锥形束CT (Cone-Beam CT, CBCT)可作为术中三维影像的实时导航技术,能实时监控支气管镜导航过程从而提升定位的精确性,但CBCT需要在特定的杂交手术室内进行。支气管镜辅助定位的适应症尚不明确,但对于无法手指触诊的结节,Suzuki等[59]主张对直径 < 10 mm、深度 > 5 mm的结节进行术前标记,Tamura等[60]则提出直径 < 15 mm且深度 > 10 mm的结节术中探查较为困难,因此更适合支气管镜辅助定位。

与经皮肺穿刺定位相比,支气管镜能更安全到达深部、肺尖及膈肌附近等穿刺禁区,并且避免了穿刺引起的气胸、咯血、胸膜反应、空气栓塞等并发症。但也有研究表示支气管镜辅助定位在右上肺尖段定位时近一半患者失败[61]。该方法的缺点在于需要一位熟悉气管镜的医师协助手术或术者需熟练掌握支气管镜的使用,同时该定位方法操作复杂、价格高昂、需要特殊设备等。

4.1.3. ICG荧光导航

吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG)荧光导航手术显著提升了手术精准度。ICG作为近红外荧光染料,结合人血清白蛋白后可增强荧光强度。术中应用近红外荧光成像(near-infrared fluorescence imaging, NIRF)技术,有效增强术者对肺段边界及肿瘤切缘的视觉辨识能力。ICG给药途径主要包括静脉注射与支气管灌注:前者操作便捷但显影时间短(约30~180秒),且在肺气肿或肺纤维化病例中边界可能模糊;后者通过直接灌注可实现持续显影,需经支气管镜导航辅助定位[62]。多项研究证实ICG-NIRF应用于胸腔镜肺段切除术安全可行,能快速显影段间平面并缩短手术时间[63]-[65]。该技术通过实时可视化肺段结构确保精确切除,降低切缘阳性风险,并能识别需补充切除的亚理想切缘。Wada等[50]的研究显示,ICG引导肺段切除术的切缘阳性率显著低于标准胸腔镜技术。ICG-NIRF的应用原理依赖于靶肺段循环的中断,据此分为靶段动脉阻断后注射ICG与靶段静脉阻断后注射ICG两种策略。研究表明,两种ICG-NIRF方法形成的分界线均与改良膨胀萎陷平面高度吻合,并且节省了等待时间[66] [67]。近期Zhao等[68]尝试术中临时阻断靶段动/静脉后注射ICG实施楔形切除术,术后切缘距离为(16.5 ± 3.9) mm,所有切缘均为阴性,但其长期疗效仍需进一步随访验证。雾化吸入ICG的显影范围也可获得阴性切缘,同时降低了气管支气管损伤风险,但安全性需更多研究确证[69]。ICG的缺点在于偶尔会遇到过敏反应,对碘过敏的患者不能使用ICG。严重COPD、肺气肿或碳末沉积患者段间平面识别率可能降低[70],此时需术者与术前三维重建对比确认段间平面是否吻合。且近红外荧光穿透深度有限,对于深部结节可能难以获得适当的切距[71]。值得注意的是,随着外科医师经验的积累,ICG-NIRF成像所提供的附加临床增益效应可能趋于减弱[72]

技术名称

优点

缺点

适应场景

三维重建

精准识别解剖结构,指导手术规划与术前模拟;缩短手术 时长,减少术中出血

依赖高质量CT数据;部分解剖 变异无法准确重建;存在 “CT-身体差异”

所有亚肺叶切除病例,尤其适用于肺段解剖复杂者,是术中辅助定位的基础

支气管镜辅助定位

标记成功率高,安全性高, 深部结节定位优势

需熟练掌握支气管镜技术; 设备昂贵,操作复杂;缺乏统一 适应症标准

直径 < 15 mm、深度 > 10 mm的不可触及结节;深部/肺尖/ 膈肌附近结节

ICG荧光导航

多种给药途径,可缩短手术 时间及实时显影段间平面。

深部结节显影差;特定患者(如严重肺气肿、肺纤维化、碳末沉积)段间平面识别率低;过敏反应;

肺段切除术中段间平面识别;外周结节切缘可视化

尽管如此,虽然这些方法确实有助于识别肿瘤位置及设计切除范围,但它们无助于保证手术切缘的状态,因此,仍需要以下技术实时判断切缘是否阳性或切距是否足够。

4.2. 术中切缘的实时判断

4.2.1. 术中冰冻(Frozen Section Pathology, FSP)

准确评估切缘对确保肿瘤根治至关重要。尽管荟萃分析[73]显示FSP与最终病理的总体一致率达88%,且在定位技术及术中导航辅助的亚肺叶切除术中,切缘阳性率总体较低,但一旦发生,其对患者的复发和生存影响显著。通常若FSP提示切缘阳性,外科医生会进一步切除以获取阴性切缘。JCOG0802中要求对所有亚肺叶切除术进行FSP评估,CALGB140503中84%的患者使用了FSP评估切缘状态。在CALGB140503试验中行亚肺叶切除术的总体切缘阳性率为12/281 (4.27%),FSP正确识别了12名阳性切缘患者中的10名(83.3%)。同样,Ortiz等[74]的研究发现,在642例计划行亚肺叶切除的患者中,术中冰冻识别了最终诊断切缘阳性8例患者中的7例(87.7%)。提示了术中冰冻在诊断术中切缘的重要性。值得注意的是,若FSP提示“至少微浸润性腺癌”,且肿瘤直径 > 15 mm、CT值 > −450 HU,则高度提示为具有较高复发风险的浸润性腺癌,此类患者行亚肺叶切除可能不足[75]。此外,一项大规模前瞻性研究[18]认为,FSP虽具有高特异性和中等一致性,但对STAS检测敏感性不足。所以,FSP并非完美,评估切缘存在一定的限制,如取样误差、将恶性肿瘤误认为淋巴细胞或腺体、将原位疾病误认为化生等[76],因此仍需开发更优的检测方法。

4.2.2. 术中切缘细胞学检查

术中切缘细胞学检查被认为是评估切缘状态的有效手段[77]。Miyoshi等人[78]回顾性研究了289例术中缝合钉仓灌洗细胞学检查阴性病灶中仅7例(2%)出现了切缘复发的情况,且其中6例的显微切距 < 1 cm。因此,尽管术中实施缝合钉仓灌洗细胞学检查可有效评估手术切缘的细胞学状态,但对于显微切距 < 1 cm的病变,即使细胞学结果为阴性仍需密切监测,可能还需长期随访。Kurihara等人[79]进一步开发了基于交流电场(AC)混合的快速钉仓灌洗免疫细胞化学检测,可在20分钟内完成切缘评估,且较传统HE染色更敏感。该研究中尽管所有病例冰冻切片均诊断切缘阴性,但快速ICC诊断为切缘阳性的4例患者中有2例出现局部/切缘复发,因此该技术有望成为肺亚肺叶切除术后快速判定切缘恶性状态的临床工具。但相关高质量研究较少,仍需更多的研究以提高证据质量。

4.2.3. 术中分子成像

术中分子成像(intraoperative molecular imaging, IMI)是结节定位和切缘评估的前沿技术。其通过靶向荧光探针与肿瘤特异性生物标志物(如叶酸受体α、CEA、组织蛋白酶等)结合,实时显示肿瘤边界及微转移灶。若切缘有荧光信号,则提示可能有癌细胞残留。一项纳入92名患者的多中心II期临床试验表明,叶酸受体靶向造影剂OTL38能定位12%术者未能发现的病灶,并检出9%被误判为阴性的阳性切缘,约26%的患者从中获益。该研究认为IMI仅对距离表面小于2厘米的外周结节敏感,对于需要肺段或肺叶切除的较深结节无效[80]。目前相关III期临床试验(NCT04241315)正在进行。其他靶向成像剂如EGFR抗体帕尼单抗(Panitumumab) [81]和组织蛋白酶靶向显影剂VGT-309 [82]也在探索中。新型pH激活型纳米探针安全性良好,但当前证据不支持其常规应用[83]

4.2.4. 术中标本成像

术中标本成像技术也取得了进展。研究首次提出在术中将切除标本经支气管充气后行CT扫描,同步测量肿瘤最大径与切缘长度。结果显示,CT测量的肿瘤最大径与大体标本测量值高度吻合(r = 0.971, P < 0.0001),表明对于隐匿性肺内病变,术中充气CT技术能可靠确认病灶存在并精准评估切缘长度,其测量值较传统病理测量更能反映活体状态下的真实解剖关系[84]。值得注意的是,加拿大研究发现术中CT测量的切缘距离较术后病理切缘平均缩短10.6%,提示外科医生需意识到这种差异,尤其对于亚实性和位置较深的[85]

5. 讨论

本综述系统剖析了早期肺癌亚肺叶切除术中GGO病变切缘标准的核心争议与前沿进展,首次提出并论证了“动态切缘(dynamic margin)”策略的科学依据与临床实施路径。该策略的核心在于突破传统“一刀切”的静态标准,构建一个基于术前精准分层、术中实时导航与验证的个体化切缘决策体系。

首先,本文综述表明:pGGO具有惰性生物学行为,≥5 mm切缘即可满足根治需求;mGGO的复发风险随CTR升高而增加,CTR > 0.5时需更严格的切缘标准(≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径)。国际指南对切缘的推荐仍存在显著差异:NCCN与中国指南坚持“≥2 cm或≥肿瘤直径”,ESTS将阈值降至≥1 cm或M/T ≥ 1,而中国专家共识则首次基于CTR分层提出差异化要求。与此同时,术中技术如三维重建、支气管镜辅助定位、ICG荧光导航以及术中冰冻、细胞学与分子成像等,为切缘的实时评估与调整提供了关键支撑,实现了从“经验性切缘”向“精准化切缘”的转变。在此基础上,本综述进一步提出“动态切缘”策略的实践路径,主要包括以下两个方面:

一是术前基于高分辨率CT明确GGO亚型(pGGO/mGGO)及实性成分占比(CTR),制定初始切缘计划——pGGO及CTR < 0.25的mGGO采用楔形切除 + ≥5 mm切缘即可满足根治需求;0.25~0.5 CTR的mGGO需根据肿瘤直径选择楔形或肺段切除(切距 ≥ 肿瘤直径);CTR > 0.5的mGGO推荐肺段切除(切距 ≥ 2 cm或≥肿瘤直径),CTR > 0.75者慎选亚肺叶切除。值得注意的是,近年来有研究表明,实性成分的绝对大小可能较CTR更能准确预测组织学亚型与预后[41]。因此,未来在制定分层策略时,应考虑建立“CTR + 实性成分大小”的双重评估标准,以进一步提高风险分层的科学性及手术指征的精准性。

二是术中依托多模态技术动态调整:术前三维重建规划解剖路径,不可触及结节采用支气管镜辅助定位(ENB/VBN)或ICG荧光导航,切缘评估以冰冻病理为基础,必要时联合细胞学或分子成像验证,术中标本成像辅助精准测量切距。需要特别指出的是,术中冰冻病理对STAS的检测敏感性有限,因此在FSP结果阴性但临床高度怀疑STAS存在(如CTR > 0.5、影像学实性成分明显)的情况下,外科医生应采取预防性补偿策略,即在满足基本切缘标准的基础上适当扩大切除范围甚至必要时转为肺叶切除,而非完全依赖冰冻病理结果,以降低因微转移灶残留导致的局部复发风险。

该策略的核心价值在于实现“根治性”与“功能性”的平衡:通过术前分层避免pGGO过度切除(切缘从2 cm缩减至0.5 cm),同时降低高CTR mGGO的切缘残留风险;术中导航技术解决了隐匿性结节定位难题,实时验证手段提升了切缘判断的准确性,尤其为多原发癌高危患者预留了二次手术空间。

本文的局限性主要体现为:其一,核心分层指标CTR的阈值缺乏多中心大样本头对头验证,且未明确实性成分绝对大小与CTR的决策优先级,分层精准性有待提升;其二,术中分子成像等关键技术循证等级不足,特殊基础疾病患者的技术适配方案缺失;其三,支撑证据多源于东亚人群,多发GGO、老年衰弱等特殊患者覆盖不足,普适性受限;其四,依赖高端设备导致临床可及性低,缺乏标准化操作流程与质量控制体系;其五,未充分评估长期肺功能、生活质量及卫生经济学效益,术者主观判断等混杂因素控制欠缺。

6. 结论

“动态切缘”策略通过整合GGO亚型及CTR的术前精准分层,结合三维重建、荧光导航、术中冰冻等多模态技术,实现了亚肺叶切除切缘决策的个体化与精准化。该策略可在确保肿瘤根治的同时,最大限度保留肺实质功能,尤其适配早期GGO型肺癌的生物学异质性,为临床实践提供了可操作的技术路径,推动早期肺癌外科治疗向“精准化–个体化”方向发展。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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