基于肠道菌群调节治疗溃疡性结肠炎回肠储袋 肛管吻合术后储袋炎的研究进展
Research Progress in Gut Microbiota Modulation for the Treatment of Pouchitis Following Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis in Ulcerative Colitis
摘要: 溃疡性结肠炎(Ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种慢性的结直肠炎性疾病,临床治疗中虽然有多种保守治疗方案,但是大约30%的患者最终仍需接受外科手术治疗。全结直肠切除 + 回肠储袋肛管吻合术(Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis, IPAA)是目前应用最为广泛的手术方式,它在有效治疗疾病的同时,显著提升了患者的生活质量。然而,该手术方式也常伴随着多种并发症,其中以储袋炎最为常见,发病率可高达50%。储袋炎的具体发病机制复杂,涉及多种因素的协同作用,其中肠道菌群失调已被证实是疾病发生发展中的一个关键环节。肠道菌群调节作为一种新兴的辅助治疗手段,因其副作用低且有潜在的预防效果而受到广泛关注。本文旨在总结和详细阐述储袋炎的发病机制及肠道菌群调节治疗的最新进展,以期为肠道菌群调节在储袋炎治疗中的进一步应用提供理论依据。
Abstract: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum. In clinical practice, although there are various conservative treatment options, about 30% of patients require surgical intervention. Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the most widely used surgical procedure. It effectively treats the disease and can significantly improve patients’ quality of life. However, this kind of operation can cause a variety of complications, the most common is pouchitis, and its incidence rate is even as high as 50%. Specific pathogenesis of pouchitis is quite complex, involving interaction of multiple factors, and imbalance of gut microbiota is considered an important factor leading to its occurrence and development. An emerging adjuvant therapy that modulates gut microbiota has received widespread attention due to its low toxicity side effects and potential preventive effects. This article summarizes and describes pathogenesis of pouchitis and the latest developments in microbiota modulation therapy, providing systematic theoretical support for application of gut microbiota modulation in pouchitis treatment.
文章引用:黄兴宗, 苏显明, 邓银龙, 胡建, 林岳瀛, 孙大力. 基于肠道菌群调节治疗溃疡性结肠炎回肠储袋 肛管吻合术后储袋炎的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 1360-1368. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162522

1. 引言

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是发生于结直肠黏膜的慢性非特异性炎性疾病,大部分UC患者能够通过激素、5-氨基水杨酸类药物或生物制剂等保守治疗有效地控制病情,但仍有高达30%的UC患者因保守治疗无效或出现严重的并发症而最终需要接受手术治疗[1]。用于治疗难治性UC的手术方式包括全结直肠切除 + 回肠储袋肛管吻合术(IPAA)、全结直肠切除 + 永久性造口术以及全结肠切除 + 回肠直肠吻合术。

全结直肠切除 + IPAA是目前最常用的手术方式,通过切除整个结肠和直肠,并在末端回肠构建一个“J”型、“S”型或“W”型的储袋结构,最后与肛管进行吻合。该术式可避免永久性回肠造口,能有效提升患者的生活质量[2]。虽然IPAA治疗效果明显,但术后并发症发生率仍居高不下,其中以储袋炎最为常见。储袋炎是一种以排便频率增加、直肠出血、腹部绞痛、里急后重和发热等为主要症状的回肠储袋炎性疾病[3]。UC患者IPAA术后储袋炎的发生率高达50%,严重影响患者的生活质量[4]

储袋炎常规的治疗方案包括抗生素类药物(如环丙沙星、甲硝唑)、5-氨基水杨酸类制剂(如美沙拉嗪)、免疫抑制剂(如硫唑嘌呤)以及生物制剂(如维多珠单抗及乌司奴单抗)等[5]。然而,这些传统疗法会导致耐药性增加、肠道正常菌群破坏、甚至可能增加严重感染和恶性肿瘤的风险[6]。近年来,肠道菌群调节作为一种辅助治疗手段,因其副作用低、耐药风险小和潜在的预防作用而备受关注[7]。本文将详细阐述肠道菌群调节在UC患者IPAA术后储袋炎治疗中的研究进展,以期为肠道菌群调节治疗储袋炎的深入研究和临床应用提供理论基础。

2. 储袋炎的分类

根据病程的长短,储袋炎可分为急性储袋炎和慢性储袋炎。急性储袋炎通常为首次发作或孤立发作,症状持续时间 < 4周,且对2周标准抗生素治疗有反应。慢性储袋炎指尽管接受生素治疗,但症状持续 ≥ 4周,或一年内发作 ≥ 3次,通常需要长期的抗炎或免疫调节治疗[8]。根据病因储袋炎可分为继发性储袋炎和原发性储袋炎,继发性储袋炎是指由特定、明确的病因直接诱发或导致的回肠储袋炎症,包括感染性、缺血性、药物性及其他疾病相关(如自身免疫相关或克罗恩病相关)。而原发性储袋炎指排除特定继发因素的、非特异性的炎性疾病,常被认为是UC本身在储袋黏膜的延续[9]。根据对抗生素的反应分可为间歇性储袋炎、慢性抗生素依赖型储袋炎和慢性抗生素难治型储袋炎。间歇性储袋炎定义为孤立且不频繁的典型储袋炎症状发作,对抗生素反应良好,缓解期储袋功能正常;慢性抗生素依赖型储袋炎指对抗生素有反应,但在停药后短期内(数天至数周)复发,需要反复或持续的抗生素来维持治疗;慢性抗生素难治型储袋炎指对标准抗生素治疗反应不佳,反复复发或持续性存在的储袋炎,常需要生物制剂或小分子药物干预[6]

3. 储袋炎的发病机制

储袋炎的发病机制并非由单一因素驱动的,而是遗传易感性、表观遗传学变化、肠道微生态失调、代谢改变、免疫系统以及肠屏障功能障碍等多方面相互作用的结果[10]。而肠黏膜屏障功能障碍与肠道菌群失调被认为是核心的起始环节和持续的驱动力。

3.1. 肠黏膜屏障功能障碍

完整的上皮屏障是肠道正常功能的关键,而其破坏则是黏膜炎症的标志性特征。屏障损伤会导致通透性增加,致使细菌产物及抗原渗透,从而触发局部炎症级联反应[11]。一项临床研究通过测定患者尿液中荧光素钠等不可吸收示踪剂的排泄量,证实储袋炎患者的肠道通透性显著高于非炎症储袋和健康对照组[12]。最新的研究发现在储袋炎患者的活检组织中,上皮细胞间的紧密连接蛋白表达发生选择性改变。作为“孔道形成型”的蛋白Claudin-2显著上调,而“紧固型”蛋白Claudin-1表达下调,这种重构增加了旁路通透性,并导致储袋炎的发生[13]。在储袋炎小鼠模型中同样发现,储袋黏膜中紧密连接蛋白ZO-1和Occludin显著减少,同时伴随着CD3+和CD45+ T细胞的浸润增加[14]。另一研究发现储袋炎患者粪便中存在异常增高的蛋白水解活性,这主要来源于某些产蛋白酶的细菌。这些蛋白酶能够激活肠上皮细胞表面的蛋白酶激活受体2 (Protease-activated receptor 2, PAR2),进而破坏回肠储袋黏膜的紧密连接蛋白,增加肠上皮的通透性[15]

3.2. 肠道菌群失调

肠道菌群失调是储袋炎发病的核心驱动因素,在IPAA术后,回肠储袋的微环境由原本的“小肠型”向“类结肠型”转变,导致菌群在物种组成、功能及代谢通路上出现了显著变化。研究发现储袋炎患者回肠储袋中对短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid, SCFA)产生、胆汁酸代谢及黏液降解起作用的细菌丰度发生显著改变[13]。另一项针对UC行IAPP手术患者的前瞻性研究表明,在研究开始后1年内发生储袋炎的患者肠道微生物多样性显著降低,其中产SCFA的有益菌如瘤胃球菌、毛螺菌属及粪球菌属显著减少[16]。Palmieri等人的研究同样发现,与正常人相比IPAA术后患者肠道菌群的多样性显著降低,储袋炎患者中肠道菌群的组成发生了显著的变化,普氏栖粪杆菌、甲酸芽殖菌、扭链瘤胃球菌、甲酸生成多拉菌、罗斯氏菌属显著减少,而痤疮丙酸杆菌和肠杆菌科等潜在致病菌明显增加[17]。潘氏细胞是位于小肠上皮隐窝内的分泌细胞,可分泌α-防御素、溶菌酶及磷脂酶A2,这些成分被释放至肠腔,可抑制微生物群的过度扩增并维持肠道稳态[18] [19]。临床研究发现储袋炎患者黏膜溶菌酶表达异常,在储袋炎大鼠模型中同样发现潘氏细胞源性溶菌酶显著缺失,补充外源性溶菌酶能显著改善储袋炎毛螺菌科减少导致的菌群失调,降低TNF-α与IL-6等炎症细胞因子水平[14]

此外,研究发现真菌在储袋炎的发病机制中发挥着重要作用,与正常功能的储袋相比,储袋炎患者的真菌生物群的α多样性较低,而酵母菌的丰度增加。在葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的储袋炎小鼠模型中,真菌失调会加重储袋炎,主要表现为死亡率增加、体重下降、组织学评分升高和CD4+细胞的浸润[20]。可见真菌菌群的失调,是诱发储袋炎的另一机制,深入了解真菌影响储袋炎的具体机制有助于探索出储袋炎的替代治疗方案。

4. 肠道菌群调节治疗储袋炎

4.1. 饮食调节

回肠储袋异常的黏膜免疫系统及肠道菌群失调在储袋炎的发生发展中发挥着重要作用,而二者均潜在的受到饮食因素的影响[21]。通过调整饮食结构,可以促进有益菌生长,增加有益代谢产物,从而改善储袋功能。

膳食纤维作为益生元,可通过肠道菌群发酵产生SCFA,改善肠道菌群平衡,增强肠道屏障功能。一项随机对照实验发现,每日饮食中补充24 g菊粉,三周后可增加患者肠道丁酸盐水平,内镜及组织学均可发现储袋粘膜的炎症缓解,并降低储袋炎疾病活动指数(pouchitis disease activity index, PDAI) [22]。Godny等人通过前瞻性队列研究中发现,随着时间的推移,食用水果量少(每天 < 1.45份)的患者与水果摄入量高的患者相比,储袋炎的发生率更高,同时伴随着微生物多样性的减少[23]。蛋白质对肠道菌群的影响与其氨基酸组成和相对丰度密切相关,而高蛋白饮食可降低肠道中产丁酸盐细菌、双岐杆菌等有益菌群的丰度[24]。高脂饮食可破坏肠道上皮屏障的完整性及肠道微生态平衡,并激活TLR/NF-κB通路与NLRP3炎症小体等多重免疫炎症途径,促进肠道炎症的发生[25]

近年来,多种特定的饮食模式被应用于储袋炎的治疗,主要目的是通过排除潜在的促炎食物或提供易吸收的营养素来减轻炎症和症状。地中海饮食(Mediterranean diet, MED)是以橄榄油为烹饪用油,饮食中摄入大量膳食纤维、维生素、抗氧化剂以及矿物质。一项基于153例行IPAA手术的UC患者的干预性研究发现,依从服用MED的患者能显著降低储袋炎的发生率[26]。发酵性寡糖、二糖、单糖和多元醇(fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols, FODMAP)饮食是指可发酵的低聚糖、双糖、单糖以及多元醇,这些营养素存在于水果、蔬菜、谷物等多种常见的食物中,对储袋炎有潜在的预防作用。Croagh等人研究发现FODMAP摄入量低的4例患者最终都发生储袋炎,而9例FODMAP摄入量较高的患者中,仅2例发生储袋炎[27]。Ardalan等人在一项持续6周的前瞻性研究中,通过一种新的饮食方式(Monash Pouch diet)干预,发现所有6名有症状的储袋炎患者均获得症状缓解(PDAI < 3),增加患者每日粪便量,并显著降低了总支链脂肪酸水平[28]。McLaughlin等人关于UC伴储袋炎患者完全要素饮食(exclusive elemental diet, EDT)治疗的研究中发现,长期食用EDT可提升肠道中丁酸盐水平,显著改善了患者的平均大便频率及PDAI [29]。另一项关于克罗恩病排除饮食(Crohn’s disease exclusion diet, CDED)的治疗研究表明,饮食治疗6周后约66.7%的患者获得临床缓解,C-反应蛋白和粪便钙卫蛋白水平较治疗前明显降低[30]

目前饮食治疗领域的研究呈现出向代谢物层面深入的趋势,其目标在于借助膳食干预手段实现对宿主免疫通路的精确调控。最新的一项动物实验研究发现高色氨酸膳食喂养与腹腔注射6-甲酰基吲哚并[3,2-b]咔唑(一种芳烃受体配体物质)可有效减轻葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导模型小鼠的储袋炎。其具体机制可能是通过芳香烃受体–白介素-22通路,增强并维持肠屏障功能实现的[31]

4.2. 益生菌调节

益生菌是指有益于宿主健康的活性微生物,适量补充益生菌可有效改善或恢复肠道微生态平衡[32]。既往研究表明益生菌对克罗恩病、UC及储袋炎有较好的疗效[33] [34]。益生菌可通过促进SCFA的产生、增加免疫球蛋白A (IgA)的分泌、上调防御素和粘蛋白-2的表达、以及降低促炎细胞因子水平等多方面发挥治疗作用[34] [35]

益生菌在预防和治疗储袋炎方面显示出积极作用,但其疗效具有显著的菌株特异性。关于益生菌治疗储袋炎的最新一项Meta分析表明,益生菌可显著降低复发性储袋炎的复发率(OR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00~0.25) [36]。另一项Meta分析发现,与对照组相比,益生菌具有良好的短期预防效果,可显著降低储袋炎的发病率(RR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12~0.32)及PDAI (MD = −5.65, 95% CI: −9.48~−1.83),但无法达到长期的预防效果[37]。既往关于乳杆菌和双歧杆菌在治疗储袋炎的疗效存在争议,Tomasz等人一项基于43例储袋炎患者的研究中显示,经益生菌(嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和双歧杆菌)治疗9个月后显著降低储袋炎的发病率及PDAI评分,同是也降低了患者粪便中的粪便丙酮酸激酶与粪便钙卫蛋白水平[38]。然而另一项研究结果显示,经益生菌(植物乳杆菌299和双歧杆菌)治疗对储袋功能评分、PDAI及粪便标志物无改善作用[39]。在最新的一项随机对照研究中,研究发现经干酪乳杆菌DG®治疗后可降低储袋黏膜中包括IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α和IL-1β在内的炎性因子,同时增加了肠道微生物群的α多样性,对回肠储袋微环境有明显改善作用[40]。此外,已有研究表明丁酸梭菌MIYAIRI及De Simone配方(原VSL#3)对IPAA术后储袋炎的发生有较好的疗效[41] [42]。其中VSL#3已被欧洲胃肠病学会指南明确推荐用来预防储袋炎的发生[43]。美国胃肠病学协会(AGA)关于储袋炎治疗的最新指南指出对于UC患者IPAA术后反复发作且对抗生素治疗有反应的储袋炎,建议采用益生菌预防储袋炎的复发;对于急性储袋炎的治疗,不建议单独使用益生菌;对于采用益生菌作为储袋炎的初级预防及治疗偶发的储袋炎AGA既不推荐也不反对[6]

4.3. 粪菌移植调节

粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)是通过移植健康供体的功能菌群来重建受体的肠道菌群,恢复受体正常的肠道微生态,以达到治疗疾病的目的。目前FMT给药的方式包括灌肠、内镜、鼻-空肠管或口服胶囊[44]。随着对FMT研究的进展,FMT已被广泛用于神经系统疾病、精神系统疾病、心血管系统疾病、代谢系统疾病和自身免疫性疾病等多种系统疾病的治疗中。肠道菌群失调是储袋炎发生的关键原因,FMT可有效恢复肠道微生态,现已成为治疗慢性储袋炎的一种新的潜在疗法。移植菌群中的功能细菌(如产短链脂肪酸菌)通过代谢膳食纤维,显著提升SCFA等有益代谢产物的水平。这些代谢产物可直接为肠上皮细胞供能、增强紧密连接蛋白表达以降低肠道通透性,并通过调节免疫细胞功能来减轻全身性炎症,从而系统性地改善肠道屏障功能与免疫稳态[45]

FMT对储袋炎的治疗作用受到越来越多的关注,但目前的研究结果存在较大差异,疗效尚未完全确立。Karjalainen等人的一项随机对照实验将26名慢性储袋炎患者随机分配至FMT组及安慰剂组,随访52周发现,两组间的无复发生存率没有显著差异(p = 0.190)。且FMT组复发多发生在第二次FMT之前,而安慰剂组在此期间没有复发[46]。另一项基于26例慢性储袋炎患者的随机对照实验中也发现虽然两名接受FMT治疗的患者在随访中显示出向供者的肠道菌群转变,但FMT肠道菌群的总体调节作用较低[47]。此外,Deng等人对三名患者及其捐赠者的肠道宏转录组进行了一项纵向病例研究,发现与健康供体相比,储袋炎患者中参与氨基酸、辅因子和B族维生素生物合成的基因表达减少,丁酸盐的生物合成及胆汁酸代谢在储袋炎患者中也显著降低。经FMT后,上述代谢通路表达明显改善,但这种改善是短暂的,需要重复移植才能达到临界的阈值[48]。最新的一项基于FMT治疗储袋炎的Meta分析显示,94名慢性储袋炎经FMT治疗后,临床反应率为33% (95% CI: 19%~46%, p = 0.14),临床缓解率为14% (95% CI: 19%~46%, p < 0.001),临床复发率达36% (95% CI: 16%~55%, p = 0.11),其中腹痛、恶心及呕吐等轻微不良反应的发生率为39% (95% CI: 6%~71%, p < 0.001),无严重不良事件及死亡报告[49]。最新的一项病例系列研究中,Kousgaard等人以IPAA术后储袋功能正常的患者为供体,对3名慢性储袋炎患者进行FMT。结果表明,在随访30天时所有参与者均实现临床缓解,内镜检查发现炎症减轻,PDAI评分显著降低。在治疗过程中,所有参与者均报告了少量轻微、自限性的不良事件,无严重事件发生[50]

4.4. 真菌调节

真菌失调在储袋炎中的作用日益受到重视,动物实验已证实抗真菌药物(如氟康唑)诱导的真菌失调会显著加重储袋炎[20]。这提示了通过抗真菌治疗或靶向调节真菌群落来恢复肠道微生态平衡的潜在价值。然而,目前尚缺乏针对储袋炎患者进行肠道真菌菌群调节的临床随机对照实验。明确真菌失调在不同储袋炎亚型中的具体作用,并开展相关临床研究,是当前该领域的一个重要研究空白。

5. 总结和展望

储袋炎是UC患者IAPP术后最常见的并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。肠道菌群失调是储袋炎发病机制中的关键性因素,主要表现为肠道菌群多样性降低、致病菌和益生菌的占比失衡及关键代谢产物(如SCFA、色氨酸代谢物)的缺乏。肠道菌群失调可进一步加剧了肠粘膜屏障功能的障碍和宿主免疫调节的失衡,最终导致疾病的发生。肠道菌群调节已成为继抗生素及生物制剂之后的辅助治疗新方向,可通过饮食调节、益生菌、FMT及真菌调节对失调的肠道菌群进行调节。基于现有的证据我们建议:(1) 将饮食调节贯穿储袋炎管理的始终,通过增加膳食纤维摄入,优化肠道微生态环境;(2) 对于抗生素难治型患者,可尝试全要素饮食(EDT)或克罗恩病排除饮食(CDED)作为挽救性辅助手段;(3) 对于慢性抗生素依赖型储袋炎,建议在患者通过抗生素治疗达到临床和内镜缓解后,立即引入益生菌作为维持治疗,以预防复发;(4) IPAA术后采用益生菌进行预防储袋炎的发生;(5) 不建议单独使用益生菌用于急性储袋炎的治疗。

目前的研究数据相对有限,多基于小样本临床研究或动物实验,部分研究结果尚存在争议,肠道菌群调节治疗的有效性和安全性需要更多高质量的研究进行验证。未来需要进一步明确储袋炎的具体发病机制,及肠道菌群在病程中的作用。探索出能够有效预测患者对特定菌群调节疗法(如益生菌、益生元、FMT)反应的非侵入性生物标志物。基于传统的益生菌和FMT存在疗效不稳、个体差异大等问题,未来的研究可集中于探索更具靶向性和稳定性的新型疗法,开发具有明确作用机制和高定植能力的单菌或联合菌株,移植经过筛选的具有特定功能菌群组,以提高治疗的标准化和安全性。相信未来会有更多的研究来进一步明确肠道菌群调节的治疗价值,以寻求更全面、更安全和更优化的治疗策略。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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