经颅直流电刺激治疗癫痫及神经精神共病的 系统评价
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Epilepsy and Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities: A Systematic Review
摘要: 目的:系统评价经颅直流电刺激(transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, tDCS)对癫痫发作控制及精神共病(抑郁、焦虑)与认知功能结局的疗效与安全性。方法:检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science与Cochrane Library自建库至2025年10月31日的人体研究,提取刺激参数与主要/次要结局,并对随机对照试验采用Cochrane随机试验偏倚风险评估工具(Risk of Bias 2.0, RoB 2.0)评价方法学质量。结果:阴极tDCS在药物难治性癫痫(Drug-Resistant Epilepsy, DRE)中可短期降低发作频率并抑制发作间期痫样放电(interictal Epileptiform Discharges, IEDs),证据主要来自DRE中的局灶性癫痫;严重不良事件罕见;情绪与认知结局证据有限且异质性较大。结论:tDCS可作为药物难治性局灶性癫痫的辅助治疗,但疗效维持、最佳参数与反应预测仍需多中心长期研究验证。
Abstract: Objective: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for seizure control, psychiatric comorbidities (depression and anxiety), and cognitive outcomes in epilepsy. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from inception to October 31, 2025 for human studies. Stimulation parameters and primary/secondary outcomes were extracted. Methodological quality of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 (RoB 2.0) tool. Results: In Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE), cathodal tDCS was associated with short-term reductions in seizure frequency and suppression of Interictal Epileptiform Discharges (IEDs); available randomized evidence was derived predominantly from focal epilepsy cohorts within the DRE population. Serious adverse events were rare. Evidence for mood and cognitive outcomes was limited and highly heterogeneous. Conclusion: tDCS may be considered an adjunctive therapy for DRE; at present, supportive evidence mainly comes from focal epilepsy subgroups within the DRE population. The durability of benefit, optimal stimulation parameters, and predictors of response require confirmation in larger, multicenter trials with long-term follow-up.
文章引用:宋凌谊, 李梓萌, 鲁庆雯, 邱宇. 经颅直流电刺激治疗癫痫及神经精神共病的 系统评价 [J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 1543-1555. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162544

1. 引言

癫痫是常见的慢性脑疾病,全球患者超过7000万[1],约三分之一患者在合理、充分使用两种及以上耐受性良好的抗发作药物后仍无法获得持续无发作控制,符合药物难治性癫痫(DRE)的定义[2]-[5]。外科手术与植入式神经调控可使部分药物难治性局灶性癫痫获益,但适应症受限、侵入性与成本等因素使相当比例患者仍缺乏可及的有效辅助治疗[6] [7]

与此同时,抑郁、焦虑及认知障碍等精神共病在癫痫人群中高度共存,显著影响功能结局与生活质量,并与自杀风险升高相关[8]-[10]。发作负荷、发作间期痫样放电(IEDs)以及丘脑–皮层与边缘–额叶环路的异常可共同参与其发生发展,提示以脑网络为靶点的神经调控可能同时影响发作与共病维度。

经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)通过头皮电极施加低强度直流电,产生极性依赖性的兴奋性调节,并可诱导NMDA受体相关可塑性与网络重构[11]-[16]。癫痫研究中多采用1~2 mA、20~30 min/次、连续5~10次的阴极刺激靶向致痫区或发作起始区;现有证据显示其总体耐受性良好,常见不良反应为一过性头皮刺痛/瘙痒、轻度红斑或头痛[14]-[19]。此外,背外侧前额叶皮层(Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, DLPFC)靶向tDCS在重度抑郁障碍的随机对照研究与Meta分析中显示小至中等抗抑郁效应,为其在癫痫合并情绪障碍中的探索性应用提供外部证据[20]-[22]

既往癫痫相关综述的证据整理多集中于药物难治性癫痫或局灶性癫痫人群,主要评价发作频率、IEDs等结局及安全性指标;而对精神共病(如抑郁、焦虑)与认知结局的纳入较少,相关证据亦缺乏系统的分层分析。此外,现有证据框架较少以药物耐药状态与癫痫类型为两条主线进行交叉分层分析,限制了不同亚群之间疗效差异的可比性与临床解释。因此,本研究旨在通过系统评价,同时综合评估tDCS对癫痫发作控制、精神认知共病及生活质量的影响,并尝试在药物反应与癫痫类型的框架下对证据进行分层梳理,以期为癫痫的一体化管理提供更全面的循证依据。

2. 方法

2.1. 文献检索

依据系统评价与Meta分析优先报告项目(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, PRISMA)规范,在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library和中国知网(China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI)中以“epilepsy”“seizure”“drug-resistant epilepsy”“transcranial direct current stimulation”“tDCS”等为核心检索词,联合“depression”“anxiety”“cognitive disorder”等精神和认知相关术语,自建库至2025年10月31日检索人类研究文献。

图1所示,初检共获得文献1914篇(PubMed 150篇,Embase 1349篇,Web of Science 150篇,Cochrane Library 132篇,CNKI 2篇)。经标题/摘要筛选排除1796篇重复及相关性较差的文献后,全文评估并最终纳入52篇文献,包括随机对照试验(Randomized Controlled Trial, RCT) 15项,以及非随机对照研究、系统综述/荟萃分析、转化研究、指南/共识等其他证据37篇。文献筛选与数据提取均由两名研究者独立完成,若出现分歧,则通过讨论解决,必要时由第三名研究者裁决。

Figure 1. Literature search and selection flow diagram

1. 文献检索与筛选流程

2.2. 纳入与排除标准

纳入对象为明确诊断的成人或儿童癫痫患者。研究对象按药物反应状态与癫痫类型两个维度进行描述,并纳入癫痫持续状态等特殊情形;证据呈现按DRE状态分层,并在各层内结合癫痫类型细分。干预为tDCS或高分辨率经颅直流电刺激(High-Definition tDCS, HD-tDCS),可为单次或多次治疗,应用场景可包括住院、门诊及家用模式。对照为假刺激、常规药物或其他标准治疗。纳入随机对照试验、前瞻性及回顾性临床研究和方法学规范的系统综述/荟萃分析。排除动物实验、综述性短文、信息严重缺失研究以及样本量极小的单纯病例报告。

2.3. 数据提取与质量评价

对纳入文献提取研究设计、样本量、年龄和癫痫类型、tDCS刺激参数(极性、电极布局、电流强度、单次时长及疗程次数)、随访时间及主要和次要结局。随机对照试验采用Cochrane随机试验偏倚风险评估工具(Risk of Bias 2.0, RoB 2.0)评价方法学质量。数据提取与质量评价由两位研究者独立进行,使用预先设计的标准化表格提取数据,如有分歧则通过讨论或咨询第三方研究者解决。

2.4. 证据综合方法

由于人群构成、刺激参数与结局指标异质性较大,本研究以定性综合为主;按DRE状态(DRE/非DRE/未报告)并结合癫痫类型分层整理发作、生理学、精神与认知结局;在已有荟萃分析的领域参考其定量结果,对tDCS的效应方向与量级进行综合判断。

3. 结果

经系统筛选,最终纳入52篇文献,包括15项RCT及37项其他设计研究(图1)。证据综合提示疗效存在“药物反应状态 × 癫痫类型”的分层差异:抗发作证据主要集中于DRE人群中的局灶性癫痫亚群;精神与认知结局证据总体有限且多未限定DRE。主要结果分述如下。

3.1. 癫痫发作控制

总体而言,阴极tDCS在DRE中可短期降低发作负荷,证据主要来自DRE人群中的局灶性癫痫亚群,且安全性良好;对GGE及部分儿童综合征等亚群,现有证据仍不足以支持明确结论。(见表1)

Table 1. Overview of tDCS efficacy across epilepsy types

1. 各类癫痫中tDCS疗效概览

癫痫类型

研究设计

代表性研究

样本量

治疗方案

主要结局 及方向

成人药物难治性 局灶性癫痫

随机、双盲、 假刺激对照RCT

Yang (2020) [25]; San-Juan (2017) [26]; Rezakhani (2022) [28]; 其他MTLE-HS等 RCT [30] [31] [39]-[42]

16~70

(多数为20~30)

阴极tDCS/HD-tDCS1~2 mA,20~30 min/次; 单次或连续3~14天;

多靶向致痫灶/ 发作起始区(部分SEEG/电场 建模指导)

发作/IEDs: 短期下降;

长期维持与最优 参数仍需验证

遗传性 全面性癫痫(GGE)

小样本试验/ 可行性研究

Cohen (2024) [34]

≤30

(未报告/未分层DRE状态)

额中线或顶叶 靶向阴极tDCS(参数差异较大)

降低发作 信号有限

儿童DRE及 特殊综合征 (如Lennox-Gastaut)

随机、双盲、 假刺激对照RCT

Auvichayapat (2016) [35]; Ashrafzadeh (2023) [36]; Auvichayapat (2013) [37]

22~36

阴极tDCS1~2 mA,20~30 min/次; 单次或 连续5天; 多以灶区或M1 为刺激部位

发作/IEDs: 短期下降;

严重不良 事件少见;

证据受样本量 与随访限制

3.1.1. 药物难治性癫痫

Hendi等整合多项RCT的综合分析提示,阴极tDCS相较假刺激可降低DRE约30%~40%的发作频率,安全性良好[17] [23] [24]。多数研究提示疗效随时间逐渐减弱,长期维持仍需重复疗程或与其他神经调控技术联合。尚无证据支持tDCS可替代药物或外科治疗,可作为DRE的辅助降频方案加以探索[17] [24]

3.1.2. 局灶性癫痫

在符合DRE定义的局灶性癫痫中,tDCS的抗发作证据相对一致。Yang等多中心双盲试验显示,每日1~2次阴极tDCS可在8周内显著降低发作频率,高频方案短期效应更突出且耐受良好[25]

San-Juan等在成人药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫伴海马硬化(Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Hippocampal Sclerosis, MTLE-HS)患者中的研究提示,连续5天阴极tDCS可在1个月内减少发作及IEDs,远期效应逐渐减弱[26]。功能网络研究显示,阴极tDCS后癫痫网络整体效率下降,连接模式向更接近生理状态转变[26] [27]。采用立体脑电图(Stereo-Electroencephalography, SEEG)引导的HD-tDCS精确靶向发作起始区时,发作下降和网络重构更为明显[28] [29]。另有小样本双盲RCT提示DRE中的MTLE-HS发作下降,但异质性较大[30] [31]

3.1.3. 遗传性癫痫

GGE及相关综合征因丘脑–皮层环路异常而被视为典型网络疾病[32] [33]。有限的试验多采用额中线或顶叶为靶区的阴极tDCS,部分患者全身强直–阵挛发作及广泛性棘慢波在短期内减少,功能磁共振成像(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)提示默认网络和丘脑–额叶连接下降[34]-[36]。现有GGE相关tDCS研究多未报告或分层DRE状态,故其抗发作效应尚难外推至DRE中的GGE人群。当前证据仍有限,需要在网络建模基础上开展更大样本研究,以明确其在GGE中的适应症和风险[27]

3.1.4. 儿童癫痫及特殊综合征

儿童难治性癫痫是tDCS应用的重要潜在人群。目前儿童DRE的证据多来自小样本双盲假刺激对照RCT:阴极tDCS可短期降低部分儿童DRE和Lennox-Gastaut综合征患者的发作和IEDs,严重不良事件少见[35]-[37];但样本量与随访仍有限,尚不足以支撑在该人群中广泛推广[38]

3.2. 精神与认知结局

与发作控制相比,tDCS对癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑及认知功能障碍的疗效影响的证据体量小、质量低,结果不一致,且普遍存在显著的安慰剂效应。(见表2)

Table 2. Overview of tDCS efficacy in epilepsy with comorbid mood and cognitive impairments

2. 癫痫合并情绪、认知障碍中tDCS疗效概览

癫痫类型及共病

证据类型

代表性研究

样本量范围

tDCS典型方案

主要精神与认知结局概括

成人局灶性癫痫(未限定DRE), 合并抑郁/焦虑等情绪症状及部分认知主诉

随机、双盲/平行分组RCT;系统综述与Meta分析

Azmoodeh 2021 [43]; Liu 2016 [47];

Mota 2021 [45];

Ding 2025 [44];

Chen 2024 [17]

单项RCT多为26~33例; 综述/Meta合计约数百例

以左DLPFC阳极、右DLPFC/ 眶额区阴极为主;

1.5~2 mA,20~30 min/次,5~20次;

部分为居家远程 自施或与常规药物并行

抑郁、焦虑评分多呈小–中等幅度改善;随访期效应可能减弱,且部分研究与假刺激差异不显著。对工作记忆、延迟回忆及生活质量的改善不一致,整体证据有限且异质性较高。

药物难治性局灶性癫痫,伴生活质量下降和/ 或认知受损

随机、双盲HD-tDCS RCT;前瞻性开放标签多通道tDCS队列

Rezakhani 2022 [28]; Bartolomei 2025 [46]

单项试验约16~20例

靶向SEEG/影像 定位的发作起始区或致痫网络的阴极 HD-tDCS/多通道tDCS;2 mA, 20~30 min/次;

集中多次或 分期多疗程

癫痫发作及IEDs负荷下降,部分患者达到≥50%减发作。QOLIE-31与MoCA等认知量表有改善倾向;对抑郁/焦虑的直接效应证据有限。

3.2.1. 抑郁症状

癫痫患者抑郁患病率明显增高。虽然左DLPFC阳极tDCS已被证实在普通抑郁症患者中具有小至中等效应量[43]。但其在癫痫合并抑郁状态人群中的研究相对有限,多为小样本RCT或前瞻性队列。部分TLE试验采用左DLPFC阳极、右额部阴极的5~10次疗程,在汉密尔顿抑郁量表或医院焦虑抑郁量表抑郁分量表上观察到中等程度降幅[29] [35] [36]。但随访期内效应不稳定,且假刺激组亦存在明显改善,提示安慰剂效应影响显著。

3.2.2. 焦虑症状

焦虑同样是癫痫患者常见且影响预后的精神共病。现有研究结果显示,DLPFC tDCS对广泛性焦虑及抑郁合并焦虑样本具有小至中等效应[21] [44]。但在癫痫合并焦虑的患者中,tDCS治疗后焦虑评分改善多出现在以抑郁为主要靶点的研究中,多数仅显示医院焦虑抑郁量表焦虑分量表或汉密尔顿焦虑量表(Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAM-A)的轻中度下降,差异不如抑郁显著[45] [46]。目前尚难以界定tDCS在癫痫合并焦虑中的独立作用。

3.2.3. 认知功能与网络调节

癫痫相关认知障碍涉及记忆、执行、注意等多个维度现有研究尚未证明tDCS可稳定改善癫痫患者记忆、执行功能或注意认知水平[47]。相对而言,影像与脑电证据更一致:静息态fMRI和脑电图网络分析提示,阴极tDCS可降低致痫网络同步性,调整关键节点的连接权重,与发作频率和IEDs的下降相一致[22] [30] [48]。部分SEEG引导的多通道tDCS研究观察到癫痫生活质量量表-31 (Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory-31, QOLIE-31)和蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA)等量表有改善趋势[28] [46] [49],但受样本量限制,证据等级较低。

4. 讨论

与既往主要关注发作控制的综述相比,本系统评价的突出特点在于构建了一个多维度的评估框架。在结局指标设置上,除发作控制外,同时关注了电生理及脑网络相关指标,并将情绪、认知与生活质量等患者相关结局一并纳入评估;在证据梳理框架上,本文按照药物反应情况并结合癫痫类型进行归类比较;同时对近年来以SEEG定位与电场建模为依据的HD-tDCS/多通道个体化刺激研究进行归纳总结,以突出其对临床转化的启示。(见表3)

Table 3. Comparison between the present review and other 2024~2025 reviews/Meta-analyses included in the reference list

3. 本文与参考文献中2024~2025年其他综述/Meta分析的差异对比

综述类别(代表性文献)

主要纳入人群与结局侧重

证据组织/方法学特征

本文相对增量

Chen 2024 [17];Sun 2024 [23];Ding 2025 [44]

以药物难治或局灶癫痫 为主;发作频率/应答、IEDs与安全性为核心结局

多纳入RCT + 非随机 研究;以总体效应合并或叙述总结为主;

在发作结局之外,系统纳入EEG/脑网络指标,并同步纳入抑郁、焦虑、认知与生活质量等患者相关结局;同时以 “药物反应状态合并癫痫类型”进行 二维交叉分层,提升不同亚群间的 可比性与临床解释力

Lima 2024 [50];Hendi 2025 [24];Hawas 2025 [18]

主要限定DRE; 以降发作为主要终点, 并汇总安全性; 机制与功能结局覆盖有限

多仅纳入RCT; 偏倚风险与敏感性分析相对充分;证据呈现 多围绕“降发作”展开

在吸收RCT证据强度的同时,补充电生理/网络重构与功能结局(情绪/认知) 证据;并专门归纳SEEG定位与电场 建模指导的HD-tDCS/多通道个体化研究,突出靶点选择与参数可重复性信息

Islam 2025 [51]

强调tDCS在医院门诊 和居家应用的可及性; 结局与人群界定较为宽泛

以叙述性整合为主; 对参数细化、 可重复性与人群分层的系统梳理不足

在场景可及性讨论基础上,按 “结局–机制–参数”主线重整证据,并引入共病一体化管理视角;形成 “共病双重任务”转化框架(与更具体参数建议在讨论部分展开)

本研究以“药物反应状态 × 癫痫类型”的框架整合证据:抗发作获益主要见于DRE人群中的局灶性癫痫亚群,而精神与认知共病结局证据仍有限,其仍是一个前景广阔但证据尚不充分的探索性治疗工具。

4.1. 有效性与证据等级

本系统性评价显示,阴极tDCS的疗效证据主要来自DRE患者,且在药物难治性局灶性癫痫患者中表现最为一致,具有较为明确的短期降发作和IEDs抑制作用[17] [18] [23] [24] [50],安全性良好,可作为介于药物治疗和外科手术治疗之间的一个有价值的辅助神经调控治疗选项。基于证据分级评价体系框架,其在药物难治性局灶性癫痫中降低发作频率的证据等级为中等(主要受样本量有限和效应估计不精确等因素限制)。相比之下,tDCS对癫痫患者抑郁、焦虑及认知功能的改善作用,尽管在部分研究中显示出积极信号,但证据整体存在样本量小、异质性高、安慰剂效应显著等局限,整体证据等级为低。在遗传性全面性癫痫、儿童癫痫及特殊癫痫综合征领域,证据则更为初步,证据等级为低或极低[25]-[28] [30] [31] [35]-[37] [39]-[42] [45] [47]。(见图2图3)

4.2. 异质性与阴性结果的可能原因

不同研究间疗效差异和部分阴性结果提示,tDCS对癫痫的作用高度依赖个体网络特征。致痫网络局限且结构完整的患者更可能获益;网络弥散或多灶、结构损伤严重或病程较长者,可能因神经可塑性下降而响应有限。刺激的精准性与参数对结果异质性也有着重要影响。刺激剂量或疗程不足、靶区选择不精准及随访时间过短,也会削弱可观察到的效应[17] [44]。此外,精神量表评估中强大的安慰剂效应、药物调整以及不同量表选择,也是导致阴性结果或结论不一致的方法学因素。

Figure 2. Risk of bias assessment for epilepsy-related primary outcomes

2. 癫痫作为主要结局的风险评估

Figure 3. Risk of bias assessment for mood and cognitive disorders as secondary outcomes

3. 情绪障碍和认知障碍作为次要结局的风险评估

4.3. 临床转化建议

基于当前证据强度,我们提出分层的临床应用建议。在控制癫痫发作的治疗中,对于致痫灶相对明确、药物治疗不佳且不适合手术的药物难治性局灶性癫痫患者,临床可考虑探索将阴极tDCS作为辅助治疗。应与患者充分沟通其短期疗效特性及仍需重复疗程的可能。此外,在此类药物难治性局灶性癫痫患者中,若致痫灶相对局限、网络集中且可被高密度脑电图(High-Density EEG, HD-EEG)或SEEG明确定位,则更可能从阴极tDCS获益[26] [44]。采用SEEG或HD-EEG结合电场建模进行个体化布极,可在部分研究中获得更显著的发作减少和网络重构[28] [46] [52]

在合并精神共病的管理层面,暂不建议将tDCS作为癫痫合并抑郁/焦虑的一线独立治疗。仅在患者对标准药物及心理治疗反应不足时,可在充分知情同意下谨慎探索其作为增效手段,并建议在研究框架或严密监测下进行。在认知障碍方面,目前尚无足够证据支持tDCS用于常规改善癫痫相关认知障碍。未来可将网络拓扑参数、γ-氨基丁酸/谷氨磁共振波谱及精神/认知表型纳入综合预测模型,以筛选高获益人群。

4.4. 共病治疗的“双重任务”困境与多通道(HD) tDCS精准神经调控新策略

癫痫合并抑郁、焦虑的神经调控需要同时兼顾两类目标:对致痫灶或发作起始区实施抑制性调控以降低兴奋性、减少IEDs并改善发作;同时增强以左DLPFC为核心的额–边缘情绪调节网络以改善情绪结局。传统双电极tDCS难以在同一次刺激中同时优化两类目标,因而需要基于网络权衡进行可重复的参数化设计。

多通道HD-tDCS通过电场塑形为“双靶点”提供了技术可能。现有证据显示:SEEG或HD-EEG定位联合电场建模指导的个体化HD-tDCS在药物难治局灶癫痫中提示降发作与网络重构信号[28] [46] [52];左DLPFC靶向刺激在抑郁障碍中具有可行性与一定可重复性[20]-[22]。据此可提出以下建议(需充分知情同意并严密监测):

1) 序贯双靶点(优先推荐):先“抗发作”后“抗抑郁”(或同疗程分时段)。致痫灶抑制:阴极患侧前颞、颞极或定位起始区(T7或T8附近,建模校准),回流阳极对侧眶上区或肩部;1~2 mA,20~30 min,5~10次[25] [26] [28]。情绪调节:阳极F3,阴极Fp2或F4;2 mA,20~30 min,≥10次(可至15~20次) [21] [22] [45]

2) 同次多通道双靶点(探索性):在研究框架下采用HD-tDCS分别对致痫区构建聚焦阴极场、对左DLPFC构建聚焦阳极场;参考安全边界:单电极 ≤ 1 mA、总电流 ≤ 4 mA、20~30 min,5~10次,并以电场建模确认靶区达阈值且非靶区受控[28] [52]

3) 监测和停机:治疗期间需同步记录癫痫发作日记与用药情况;条件允许时评估IEDs和网络指标。若发作持续增加或出现持续状态倾向,应立即停止刺激并复评;发作极不稳定或近期持续状态者不建议常规临床尝试同次双靶点方案。

4.5. 未来研究方向

未来应积极推动个体化精准神经调控,克服当前局限,推动tDCS从“有前景”走向“可推广”,重点应聚焦以下研究方向:

1) 积极探索个体化靶向治疗:利用多模态神经影像与电生理(如fMRI、HD-EEG/SEEG)进行个体化网络导向靶向,实现“生物标志物引导”的精准刺激,并建立治疗反应预测模型。

2) 长期评估研究:设计多中心、大样本、长期随访(≥6个月)的RCT,使用统一的核心结局指标集,同步评估发作控制、精神症状、认知功能、生活质量及长期安全性,尝试探讨tDCS是否具有潜在疾病修饰作用。

3) 整合策略研究:探索tDCS与ASMs、心理治疗及植入式神经调控技术的序贯或联合方案,并评估其在围手术期和重症监护等特殊场景中的应用价值。

4) 验证可及性模式:在严格监管框架下验证居家tDCS远程实施的可行性与安全性,并开展卫生经济学研究,为临床决策提供全面依据[52]

5. 结论

tDCS作为一种非侵入性、可重复的神经调控技术,在DRE患者中,药物难治性局灶性癫痫患者的疗效证据更为明确,显示出短期降低发作频率和IEDs的潜力,安全性良好[17] [18] [23] [24] [50];在GGE、儿童癫痫和特殊综合征中的应用前景尚待进一步验证。关于抑郁、焦虑和认知功能的证据目前仍以小样本探索性研究为主,尚不足以支持其作为一种精神干预手段。

在现阶段,tDCS更适宜被定位为癫痫综合治疗中的辅助神经调控方案,可与药物、外科及植入式神经调控形成互补。随着网络导向靶向、参数个体化及长期随访证据的累积,tDCS有望在癫痫发作控制与精神共病管理中发挥更大作用,为癫痫患者提供更加精细化和个体化的一体化治疗路径。未来需推动tDCS从临床试验向临床实践转化,建立标准化操作流程与疗效评估体系。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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