间歇性禁食对肥胖和代谢综合征的作用及机制研究进展
Research Progress on the Effects and Mechanisms of Intermittent Fasting on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.162588, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 孙瑞阳:山东大学公共卫生学院,山东 济南
关键词: 间歇性禁食肥胖代谢综合征胰岛素抵抗Intermittent Fasting Obesity Metabolic Syndrome Insulin Resistance
摘要: 随着肥胖与代谢综合征(Metabolic Syndrome, MetS)在全球范围内的高发流行,与之相关的疾病负担也日益加重。传统饮食与药物干预策略存在局限性。间歇性禁食(Intermittent Fasting, IF)作为一种周期性限制能量摄入的膳食模式,凭借其在改善代谢健康方面的潜力,已成为营养学与代谢病领域的研究热点。研究表明,IF能有效减轻体重,显著降低空腹血糖、血压、血脂等MetS核心指标。其改善代谢的作用涉及多重机制,包括增强胰岛素敏感性、诱导白色脂肪褐变与产热、改善能量代谢、减轻慢性低度炎症、调控线粒体生物发生和自噬,以及重塑肠道菌群等。本综述系统总结了IF对肥胖与MetS的作用效果及其潜在分子机制,旨在为肥胖与MetS的临床饮食干预策略提供参考依据。
Abstract: With the high global prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), the associated disease burden continues to rise. Traditional dietary and pharmacological intervention strategies have limitations. Intermittent fasting (IF), as a dietary pattern involving periodic energy restriction, has emerged as a research focus in nutrition and metabolic disease due to its potential for improving metabolic health. Recent studies indicated that IF effectively reduces body weight and significantly lowers core MetS indicators such as fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipids. The beneficial metabolic effects of IF are mediated through multiple mechanisms, such as enhancing insulin sensitivity, promoting white adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis, optimizing energy metabolism, attenuating chronic low-grade inflammation, regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy, and modulating the gut microbiota. This review systematically summarizes current evidence on the effects of IF on obesity and MetS and elucidates the underlying molecular pathways, thereby offering a scientific foundation for the application of IF in dietary interventions against these conditions.
文章引用:孙瑞阳. 间歇性禁食对肥胖和代谢综合征的作用及机制研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 1933-1940. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162588

1. 引言

肥胖和代谢综合征(Metabolic Syndrome, MetS)已成为全球重大公共卫生挑战。据世界卫生组织统计,全球成人肥胖患病率已从1990年的7%升至2022年的16%,预计到2030年达到50%,影响约30亿人[1]。MetS是以血糖异常、血脂紊乱、中心性肥胖和高血压等多重代谢异常为特征的临床症候群,显著增加2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险。MetS患病率持续上升,与全球肥胖流行趋势相一致[2],其发生发展与胰岛素抵抗及慢性低度炎症密切相关。传统干预方案主要依赖长期热量限制与药物治疗,常面临依从性低、副作用明显等局限性。间歇性禁食(Intermittent Fasting, IF)作为一种周期性禁食与进食交替的饮食模式,因其在改善代谢方面的作用及易于实施的特点,近年来受到广泛关注。

IF主要包括隔日禁食、5:2禁食及限时进食等多种方案。研究表明,IF不仅能有效减轻体重、降低体脂,还在改善胰岛素敏感性、调节血脂、减轻系统性炎症及促进肝脏脂质代谢等方面表现出积极效应[3]。尽管IF应用前景广阔,但其具体作用机制尚未完全明确。现有研究显示,IF改善肥胖和MetS的机制可能涉及能量代谢转换、细胞自噬激活、肠道菌群重构以及炎症信号通路抑制等多个层面[4]。本文旨在系统探讨IF对肥胖和MetS的作用效果、潜在机制(图1)及研究现状,梳理现有研究的优势与不足,为该领域的深入探索提供参考。

2. 间歇性禁食对肥胖和代谢综合征的作用

IF在短期内可有效降低体重、减小腰围,并改善空腹血糖及血压水平。值得注意的是,不同IF方案的干预效益存在一定程度的差异(表1)。一项为期8周的临床试验比较了IF与常规热量限制对MetS成人患者的干预效果,结果显示IF在减轻体重、减小腰围、改善收缩压与空腹血糖方面优于热量限制,而二者在体重指数、血脂、舒张压、胰岛素抵抗指数及空腹胰岛素水平方面的改善效果无显著差异[5]。该结论与多项既往研究结果相似[6]。例如,Emily等的研究发现,对接受标准治疗的MetS患者实施IF干预后,其体重下降3.3%、BMI下降3.5%、躯干脂肪减少3.9%,且减重成分中脂肪占75%,瘦体重仅占9%,表明IF在减重过程中能较好地保留肌肉组织。此外,患者糖化血红蛋白水平较单纯标准治疗下降0.1%,其降幅与糖尿病预防计划中生活方式干预的效果相当[7]。多项临床随机对照试验证实,IF不仅能降低体重、BMI、腰围、臀围等肥胖相关指标,还可改善MetS核心病理指标,包括降低血压、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白及餐后血糖水平,并对血脂及肝功能指标产生积极调控作用[8]。总体而言,IF在改善MetS方面可能较常规热量限制及标准治疗更具潜在优势。

Figure 1. Mechanism diagram of intermittent fasting improving metabolic function

1. 间歇性禁食改善代谢作用机制图

Table 1. Effects of different intermittent fasting regimen on metabolic indicators

1. 不同间歇性禁食方案对代谢指标的影响

作者

样本量

人群

禁食 方案

干预 时间

主要指标变化

Parvaresh et al. (2019) [5]

70

MetS患者

隔日 禁食

8周

体重、腰围、收缩压、空腹血糖下降

Nofal et al. (2025) [6]

54

MetS患者

斋月 禁食

24周

体重、腰围、收缩压、舒张压、 空腹血糖、甘油三酯下降

Manoogian et al. (2024) [7]

108

MetS患者

限时 禁食

12周

体重、糖化血红蛋白下降

Świątkiewicz et al. (2024) [8]

26

MetS患者

限时 禁食

12周

体重、腰围、收缩压、 空腹血糖下降

Razavi et al. (2021) [9]

80

MetS患者

隔日 禁食

16周

体重、脂肪含量、C反应蛋白下降

Sun et al. (2025) [10]

60

代谢相关脂肪性肝病患者

5:2 饮食

12周

体重、肝脏脂肪含量下降

Feehan et al. (2023) [11]

32

非酒精性脂肪肝患者

限时 禁食

12周

体重、腰围、内脏脂肪下降

Berger et al. (2021) [12]

30

Ⅰ型糖尿病患者

7日 禁食

9天

体重、收缩压、血脂下降

Talebi et al. (2024) [13]

90

多囊卵巢综合征患者

限时 禁食

8周

体重、体质指数、 血管风险指标下降

3. 间歇性禁食改善肥胖和代谢的多重途径

3.1. 改善胰岛素敏感性

胰岛素抵抗是肥胖和MetS的核心病理机制。脂肪组织发生胰岛素抵抗时,胰岛素抑制脂肪分解的作用减弱,导致循环游离脂肪酸水平升高,进而促进胆固醇酯和甘油三酯的合成,引发血脂异常。胰岛素抵抗还可通过升高血清粘度形成促血栓状态,并诱导脂肪组织分泌促炎细胞因子,增加心血管疾病和2型糖尿病风险[14]

IF在改善胰岛素敏感性方面效果显著。动物研究表明,IF可通过激活腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)和沉默信息调节因子1 (Sirtuins1, SIRT1)等细胞应激反应通路来改善胰岛素敏感性[15]。一项纳入626名MetS患者的随机对照试验显示[16],IF组在降低空腹胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗指数方面优于连续热量限制组,提示IF在改善胰岛素敏感性方面可能更具优势。在2型糖尿病患者中,IF可显著降低糖化血红蛋白水平,减轻体重,减少患者每日胰岛素用药剂量[17]。长期禁食带来的代谢益处部分独立于减重效应,可能通过促进脂肪酸动员、酮体生成及诱导细胞自噬实现。

IF改善胰岛素敏感性的机制还涉及肠道菌群的调节作用。动物研究发现,IF通过重塑肠道菌群结构,调节胆汁酸代谢,激活胆汁酸受体TGR5信号通路,进而促进肠促胰素分泌[18]。肠促胰素能够增强胰岛素分泌、抑制胰高血糖素释放、延缓胃排空,从而显著改善机体葡萄糖耐量。

3.2. 重塑脂肪与调节能量代谢

棕色脂肪组织(Brown Adipose Tissue, BAT)可通过调节血浆脂质和葡萄糖水平影响MetS。BAT能通过非颤栗产热将多余的能量转化为热量,有助于减轻肥胖[19]。动物实验表明[20],IF可选择性诱导皮下白色脂肪褐变,并上调产热关键标志物解耦联蛋白1 (UCP1)的表达,增强产热能力。β3-肾上腺素能受体(β3-AR)信号通路是脂肪褐变的经典激活途径,IF可能通过增强交感神经张力调控该通路。然而,也有动物研究提示IF诱导的褐变可能不完全依赖β3-AR,表明存在其他替代或并行调控机制。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)信号是生理性脂肪褐变的重要条件,IF可显著上调其表达。同时,IF能显著改善脂肪因子分泌,升高脂联素水平,降低瘦素水平,与VEGF共同介导产热效应[21]。IF还可通过重塑肠道菌群组成,促进乙酸盐和乳酸盐等微生物代谢产物生成,进一步促进皮下白色脂肪褐变。

Liu等人的临床研究未发现IF干预能改变人体皮下脂肪中UCP1的表达[22]。这可能是由于实验动物与人体在代谢速率、寿命周期、体脂分布及交感神经调节强度等方面存在显著的本质性差异。以小鼠为代表的模式生物,其代谢速率显著高于人类,适应性产热能力也更强,其皮下脂肪组织对β3-AR等褐变调控信号的敏感性远优于人类,且实验常使用近交系动物并在严格控制的环境中进行,减少了遗传背景与外界环境的异质性。其次,人类脂肪组织的解剖结构与功能更为复杂,人类皮下脂肪层较厚,血管分布、神经支配及免疫细胞浸润等特点与啮齿类动物不同,Laparra等的研究表明人类与小鼠的脂肪组织免疫微环境存在显著差异,人类脂肪组织具有明显的炎症稳态特征[23]。此外,临床试验中环境难以完全标准化,饮食依从性、日常活动及心理压力等因素可能影响干预效果。目前人体研究多关注于皮下脂肪,内脏脂肪的褐变潜力及其在代谢调节中的作用尚不明确。这些因素共同提示,动物模型中显著的分子机制在转化至人体时,常因生理结构、调控网络及环境暴露的差异而改变。未来研究需重点关注人类内脏脂肪对IF的反应特征及调控机制。

3.3. 炎症调节与免疫改善

慢性低度炎症是肥胖和MetS的重要特征。在小鼠模型中,IF既能调节脂肪组织炎症、抑制核因子κB (NF-κB)信号通路,降低C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)等炎症标志物水平,还能通过升高花生四烯酸等方式调控NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NLRP3)炎性小体活性,发挥抗炎作用[24]。一项纳入18项随机对照试验的荟萃分析显示,IF能显著降低超重和肥胖人群CRP水平,且其抗炎效果优于能量限制组[25]。Aryan等研究发现,在绝经后超重和肥胖的类风湿关节炎女性中,IF组的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)显著降低。NLR作为系统性炎症的新兴标志物,提示IF可能在细胞层面调控炎症反应[26]

IF还可通过多通路调控免疫细胞功能。多项动物实验表明,IF能促进单核细胞在皮质酮介导下返回骨髓,改变淋巴细胞分布及活性,下调哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1 (mTORC1),诱导生发中心B细胞凋亡进而影响黏膜免疫;同时,通过肝脏分泌的成纤维细胞生长因子21 (FGF21)促进脂肪细胞VEGF生成,诱导M2型巨噬细胞极化及调节性T细胞分化。该过程涉及皮质酮、AMPK/PPARα、FGF21-VEGF等多条信号通路,且需要肝脏、脂肪组织等协同参与[27] [28]。IF还可通过激活自噬通路,影响先天免疫的细胞因子分泌、吞噬功能以及适应性免疫的抗原呈递过程。然而,IF的免疫效应具有细胞、组织、器官特异性,可能存在损害黏膜免疫等潜在风险,未来需进一步探讨IF免疫效应的持续性以及自噬在免疫调控中的具体作用。

3.4. 影响线粒体生物发生与氧化应激

线粒体作为细胞能量代谢的核心,其功能状态直接影响机体代谢稳态。动物研究表明,IF可通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α (PGC-1α),调控线粒体生物发生及功能[29]。PGC-1α是线粒体生物发生的关键调控因子,能调控线粒体DNA复制、转录及蛋白质合成基因的表达,维持线粒体稳态。研究表明,能量限制可通过激活SIRT1、AMPK等通路,进一步活化PGC-1α,调控线粒体生物发生与氧化应激反应,增强细胞抗氧化能力[30]。Mattson等发现,IF可上调小鼠模型中脑源神经营养因子(BDNF)表达,促进神经发生、突触可塑性和线粒体生物生成,改善慢性炎症状态下的线粒体功能[31]。心磷脂作为线粒体内膜特异性磷脂,参与线粒体结构与功能的维持,研究显示热量限制或禁食可能通过调节心磷脂生物合成,改善线粒体膜稳定性[32]

IF还能诱导多种组织器官的线粒体自噬及相关标志物的表达,清除受损线粒体。Zhao等研究表明,动物模型中IF通过上调脂肪甘油三酯脂酶表达,抑制线粒体过度分裂,维持线粒体融合与分裂平衡,增强线粒体氧化能力[33],并促进大脑、心脏、肝脏等高代谢需求组织的线粒体自噬[30]。但IF对线粒体的调控并非单一正向效应,长期热量限制在抑制肝脏线粒体生物合成和自噬的同时,也可能增加线粒体对自噬的敏感性[34]。综上,IF可能通过诱导并调控线粒体自噬,维持线粒体结构完整与功能稳定,进而发挥代谢调节作用。

3.5. 调节肠道菌群

IF可显著增加肠道菌群多样性,并特异性促进有益菌生长。一项纳入59名超重、肥胖受试者的研究显示,为期三个月的IF干预后,受试者肠道菌群多样性显著增加,拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、另枝菌属(Alistipes)和阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)丰度显著升高,柯林斯菌属(Collinsella)丰度下降[35]Akkermansia muciniphila可通过改善葡萄糖稳态、减轻炎症反应、增强肠道屏障功能发挥代谢保护作用。IF还能增加产短链脂肪酸菌的相对丰度,尤其是毛螺菌属(Lachnospiraceae)和瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcaceae)。一项关于斋月禁食的研究发现,IF与产丁酸菌(Lachnospiraceae)丰度升高相关[36]。丁酸作为肠道上皮细胞的主要能量来源,具有维护肠道屏障功能、抗炎和免疫调节等多种作用。

不同IF方案对肠道菌群的调控可能存在差异。Li等研究发现,每日禁食时长影响小鼠菌群的组成,16小时禁食组中Akkermansia相对丰度显著增加,Alistipes相对丰度下降,而其他禁食时长组未观察到类似变化。且IF诱导的菌群变化在干预停止后一个月逐渐恢复至基线水平,提示IF对肠道菌群的有益调控需持续维持[37]。部分研究未观察到IF对肠道菌群的显著影响,可能与样本量较小、干预时长不足、干预方案异质性等因素有关[38]。总体而言,多数研究支持IF可增加肠道菌群多样性,尤其是降低厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和增加拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的相对丰度[39]

研究表明,IF诱导的菌群变化能够产生多种有益的代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、氨基酸等,直接参与宿主代谢调节。IF还能增加肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达,改善肠道屏障功能[40]。同时,IF引起的菌群变化可减少内毒素,如脂多糖的产生和移位,降低慢性低度炎症,从而改善胰岛素敏感性和整体代谢健康[28]

4. 总结与展望

IF不仅能有效降低体重、空腹血糖、血压、血脂等,还能通过改善胰岛素敏感性、调节脂质代谢与炎症、增强细胞自噬与线粒体功能、重塑肠道菌群等多重路径,发挥系统性代谢调控作用。这些作用可能是经由AMPK/SIRT1、NF-κB、PGC-1α等信号通路介导,并涉及复杂的菌群作用。然而,当前研究仍存在一定局限性。许多研究来源于动物模型,其代谢模式与人体存在差异,限制了结论的直接转化。IF方案多样且缺乏标准化,导致研究间异质性较大。未来研究需开展大规模的临床试验,明确IF在不同人群中的长期效益与风险,并建立标准化的干预方案,为肥胖及MetS的防治提供有效、可行且安全的非药物干预策略。

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