冠脉病变预处理策略进展
Advances in Predilation Strategies for Coronary Lesions
摘要: 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗是冠心病治疗领域的关键手段之一,通过机械性干预恢复冠状动脉血流,尤其适用于药物治疗反应不佳或病情持续进展的患者。在这一过程中,靶病变的预处理是决定介入治疗成败的核心步骤。它不仅为后续支架的植入或药物球囊的释放创造有利条件,更直接关系到血管的长期预后和患者的临床结局。随着技术的不断发展,应用于临床的预处理技术逐渐多样化,除了球囊修饰技术外,针对钙化、支架内再狭窄等复杂病变,一系列新型技术相继应用于临床。斑块旋磨术通过高速旋转的磨头消蚀钙化斑块;轨道旋磨术则进一步优化了旋磨的操控性与安全性;而血管内碎石术利用冲击波能量安全裂解深层钙化,为严重钙化病变的处理提供了额外的选择。此外,腔内影像学技术的广泛应用是精准、成功介入治疗的重要保障之一。本文将围绕着这些技术以及相关腔内影像学进行综述,旨在为临床策略选择提供一定参考。
Abstract: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) serves as one of the critical approaches in the management of coronary artery disease, restoring coronary blood flow through mechanical intervention, particularly in patients who respond inadequately to medical therapy or exhibit disease progression. During this procedure, predilation of the target lesion represents a pivotal step that significantly influences the success of the intervention. It not only creates favorable conditions for subsequent stent implantation or drug-coated balloon deployment but also directly impacts long-term vascular prognosis and clinical outcomes. With continuous technological advancements, the range of predilation techniques applied in clinical practice has become increasingly diverse. Beyond conventional balloon modification techniques, a series of novel methods have been introduced for complex lesions, such as calcified plaques and in-stent restenosis. Rotational atherectomy ablates calcified plaque using a high-speed rotating burr; orbital atherectomy further enhances maneuverability and safety; while intravascular lithotripsy safely fractures deep calcifications via shockwave energy, offering an additional option for treating severely calcified lesions. Furthermore, the widespread adoption of intravascular imaging plays an essential role in ensuring precise and successful interventions. This review focuses on these techniques and related intravascular imaging modalities, aiming to provide insights for clinical strategy selection.
文章引用:谢开云, 何泉. 冠脉病变预处理策略进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 2083-2093. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162606

1. 引言

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, ASCVD)一直是困扰人类的主要疾病之一,截止至2023年,我国冠心病患病人数达1139万,且仍处于持续上升阶段[1]。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)作为冠心病的重要治疗手段,历经40余年发展,已进入到以新一代药物洗脱支架(drug-eluting stent, DES)为主的时代,为进一步改善支架内再狭窄问题,近些年逐渐开始推崇“无植入策略”,即药物涂层球囊(drug coated balloon, DCB)、生物可吸收支架(bioresorbable scaffold, BRS) [2]。然而,所有PCI策略都绕不开的一个问题,那就是病变的预处理。良好的病变预处理,不仅是后续支架植入或者DCB释放的基本保障,更与患者预后直接相关[3] [4]。随着时代的发展和技术的进步,预处理的方式也是愈发多样,不仅包含各种球囊修饰技术,还有冠状动脉斑块旋磨术(rotational atherectomy, RA)、轨道旋磨术(orbital atherectomy, OA)、血管内碎石术(intravascular lithotripsy, IVL)、准分子激光斑块消蚀术(excimer laser coronary atherectomy, ELCA)等非常规技术可供选择[5]。在辅助指导预处理策略的腔内影像学方面,除了传统的血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound, IVUS)、光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)外,近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)在近些年也在临床上逐步得到了应用[6] [7]。本文将围绕预处理的意义、方式,以及IVUS的指导等方面进行综述,旨在对临床策略选择提供一定的参考。

2. 预处理的意义

2.1. 为后续PCI做准备

早在上个世纪就有研究发现,最初的仅单纯球囊扩张术(plain old balloon angioplasty, POBA)策略对病变进行治疗后的再狭窄率非常高。因此,在当前的介入治疗时代,当患者经充分的临床评估,需要进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)时,指南为其提供了两种选择,但无论哪种策略都强调了预处理的重要性[2] [8] [9]

基于支架植入的策略最为经典,但是这种策略仍存在永久异物植入导致的冠脉舒缩功能受损、局部炎症反应引发的晚期官腔丢失等缺点[10]。生物可吸收支架(bioresorbable scaffold, BRS)的出现为这种策略提供了新的解决思路。然而早期的研究显示BRS的疗效并不理想[11]-[13]。随后指南指出,其最重要的原因可能是未严格遵循“PSP”原则,即充分的预扩张(Pre-dilatation)、合适的支架尺寸(Proper sizing)、适当的后扩张(Post-dilatation) [14]。在前几项研究基础上开展的ABSORB IV充分考虑了规范置入操作过程,其远期结果明显改善[15]。因此指南推荐在BRS置入前采用球囊/血管直径1:1的球囊策略,或者旋磨、激光消融等非球囊技术充分预处理,使得预处理后残余狭窄 < 40%,且心肌梗死溶栓治疗试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction, TIMI)血流分级达到III级,以此来保证支架良好贴壁和远期疗效,而这一标准远高于DES置入前要求[14]

另一种“无植入”理念的产物是药物涂层球囊(drug coated balloon, DCB)策略。与DES不同的是,其通过单次球囊扩张使得药物渗透进血管壁发挥抑制平滑肌细胞增殖与迁移的作用,而不遗留永久置入物[16]。尽管从目前研究结果来看,DCB并没有达到DES的非劣效性检验标准[17]。但是,DCB策略仍被推荐作为所有原发冠脉病变的首要考虑策略,因为“无植入”的优势使得靶病变能够再次被当作原发冠脉病变进行处理,降低了再次血运重建的难度和风险[18]。鉴于DCB其本身只是释放药物的工具,并不承担扩张病变的任务,因此对预处理提出了更高的要求,研究显示,采用DCB策略相较于DES组有着更高的RA使用率[19]。目前指南推荐DCB释放前需同时满足C型以下夹层、TIMI血流分级达到III级、残余狭窄 ≤ 30%三条要求[8]

2.2. 影响患者的预后

充分的冠脉病变预处理不仅是确保后PCI治疗成功的关键环节,其本身也直接影响这患者预后的情况。一项针对ISR病变的前瞻性队列研究证实,预处理后的残余狭窄与2年内TLF风险显著相关(HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.86~2.48, P < 0.001) [20]。这一发现在原发病变中同样适用,日本的一项单中心回顾性研究显示,斑块负荷 > 58.5%是DCB-PCI术后TLF的强力危险因素(HR 7.59, P < 0.01) [21]。此外,对小血管病变的历史队列研究进一步揭示,经POBA预处理后的管腔获得程度与12个月时TLR风险相关(HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.90~0.96) [4]。更有国内前瞻性队列研究从功能学角度佐证,指出与单纯预处理后评估相比,DCB扩张后的定量血流分数(quantitative flow ratio, QFR)与1年血管导向复合终点(vascular-oriented composite endpoint, VOCE)具有更显著的相关性,凸显了预处理为最终结果所奠定的基础性地位[3]

3. 当代预处理策略

3.1. 球囊修饰

基于作用机制,预处理球囊可划分为非压力聚焦型与压力聚焦型两大类[22]。非压力聚焦型球囊,即传统半顺应性球囊(semi-compliant balloons, SC)与非顺应性球囊(noncompliant balloons, NC),其应用最为广泛。SC球囊的直径随充盈压力升高而线性扩张,适用于处理脂质或软纤维斑块。然而,在坚硬斑块中,SC球囊易产生“狗骨头”现象,导致病变扩张不足。此时,能达到20~24 atm工作压力的NC球囊成为一种有效的升级策略,它能提供更高压力而不过度扩张。不过,NC球囊在处理严重钙化病变时仍可能出现扩张不全,对于OCT下钙弧 > 180˚且经NC球囊预处理后仍效果欠佳的病变,有学者建议进一步升级策略[5]。值得注意的是,NC球囊并非在严重钙化病变中毫无价值,研究表明,在RA前使用球囊预扩张,能显著减少无复流与术后ST段抬高持续时间(OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.05~0.85, P = 0.028),其机制可能是球囊预先挤压了松软组分,从而减少了旋磨产生的病变碎片[23]

压力聚焦型球囊主要包括棘突球囊与切割球囊,其表面结构能将压力集中于局部,从而对斑块进行“切割”。棘突球囊通过钝性尼龙丝发挥作用。研究证实,其预处理后的管腔面积及后续支架扩张指数均优于传统SC球囊[24]。随后的一项OCT随机对照研究阐释了带来这种效应的机制:棘突球囊能造成更高比例的有益内膜撕裂(68.0% vs. 38.4%, P = 0.035) [25]。然而,其钝性设计带来相对可控安全性的同时,其压力聚焦作用也相应受到限制,Yu Sugawara等人在一项结合OCT的研究中指出,565 μm的钙化厚度是预测棘突球囊能否成功扩张的关键界值(AUC 0.928, 95% CI 0.887~0.968) [26]。相比之下,切割球囊通过3~4枚微型刀片实现更高效、更规则的斑块切割,常在更低压力下获得成功。多项研究肯定了其卓越的预处理成功率与长期临床获益[22] [27] [28]。正在进行的一项旨在评估Wolverine切割球囊术后一年安全性和疗效的单中心随机对照试验,或能进一步提升切割球囊应用的证据等级(ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06177808)。当然,切割球囊也有着他的局限性,对于厚度超过0.4 mm或者环形钙化病变,单独应用的预处理效果也不佳[29]。但其可作为非球囊技术的有效补充,例如,在旋磨后使用切割球囊进行后续扩张,能获得比传统球囊更大的管腔增益(1.57 ± 0.46 mm vs. 1.10 ± 0.40 mm, P < 0.001),并降低远期MACE事件[30]。必须警惕的是,压力聚焦型球囊的切割能力也伴随风险。一项研究明确将切割球囊列为PCI术中冠脉穿孔的独立危险因素(4% vs. 1%, P < 0.001)。因此,术者必须充分评估其带来的夹层与穿孔风险[31]

3.2. 冠状动脉斑块旋磨术

冠状动脉斑块旋磨术(rotational atherectomy, RA)是一种采用橄榄形钻石旋磨头,沿特殊导丝进入冠脉,对病变进行高速消蚀(140,000~220,000 rpm)的技术,其机制在于选择性磨碎坚硬钙化组织,同时避开弹性组织[32]。在疗效方面,研究表明RA相较于切割球囊能减少手术时间和造影剂用量,并在低压力下改善管腔内径[33]。PREPARE-CALC随机对照试验不仅肯定了RA在分叉病变主支的疗效,还指出其侧支血流受损发生率更低(6.4% vs. 14.2%, P = 0.038) [34]。然而,关于其远期疗效存在争议,ROTAXUS试验显示RA组虽有更大即刻管腔获得(1.56 ± 0.43 vs. 1.44 ± 0.49 mm, P = 0.01),但9个月后管腔丢失也更大(0.44 ± 0.58 vs. 0.31 ± 0.52, P = 0.04) [35]。另一项德国多中心研究结果也同样提示,RA组与球囊修饰组之间9个月TLF无差异(8% vs. 6%, P = 0.78),RA的远期获益或需更多证据支持[36]。在安全性方面,RA主要风险包括无复流、冠脉穿孔,以及恶性心律失常等。研究表明,无复流现象可能与RA激活血小板形成白色血栓有关[37]。有体外试验提示,在保证疗效的前提下适当降低转速或可减少血栓形成[38]。此外,在RA使用前,采用球囊预先挤压病变较松软部分,也可能减少消蚀颗粒所致无复流现象[23]。另一方面,为降低冠脉穿孔风险,精确的术前评估以制定合适策略的重要性不容忽视,在Zhanru Qi等人的队列研究中,补救性RA的夹层发生率高于计划性RA (22.4% vs. 6.5%, P = 0.001) [39]。基于此,Sean Fitzgerald等人整合ROTAXUS和PREPARE-CALC数据提出了RA术前评估模型,指出病变长度 > 20 mm、迂曲病变、分叉病变、严重钙化病变是需要使用RA的预测因子[40]。近年提出的“半程旋磨术”是为降低穿孔率做出的另一种尝试,即不将旋磨头完全穿过病变远端,但研究显示其钙化毛刺残留率更高,因此其安全有效性尚待进一步检验[41]

3.3. 轨道旋磨术

轨道旋磨术(orbital atherectomy, OA)被视为一种特殊的旋磨技术,其核心在于采用偏心旋磨头,该设计能在消融过程中维持动脉血流,理论上可降低无复流风险,同时,通过调整转速即可改变旋磨深度,无需频繁更换磨头,提升了操作便捷性[5]。然而,其安全性记录一度堪忧,早期ORBIT I研究证实了疗效,但其冠脉穿孔率高达12%。多项回顾性研究也普遍认为OA穿孔风险高于RA [42]。单臂、前瞻性的ORBIT II研究中却显示出不同的结果,443例严重钙化病变中仅有1.8%的穿孔发生率[43]。另一项对比RA和OA疗效的队列研究同样显示,术后冠脉穿孔发生率无明显差异,术后无复流现象及8个月MACE事件发生率也无明显差异,这种结果的差异或与OA使用经验的精进和更保守的转速相关[44]。即将发表的一项由哥伦比亚大学开展的非随机对照研究(ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03021577),旨在对比OA与RA对冠脉微循环的影响,其结果可能为OA的安全性提供进一步佐证。关于OA的疗效,近期证据存在一定分歧。一项队列研究显示,OA能达到与IVL相似的预处理效果,两组间支架内面积及2.4年TLF发生率上均无统计学差异[45]。然而,具有里程碑意义的ECLIPSE多中心随机对照试验给出了不同结论:在1008例患者中,OA组1年TLF发生率为11.5%,风险比与球囊修饰策略组相比为1.16,未显示出显著优势。基于此,ECLIPSE试验仍推荐将基于球囊的钙化修饰策略作为DES植入前的首选[46]。OA能否为患者预后带来确切的获益,仍需更多高质量的循证医学证据予以证实。

3.4. 血管内碎石术

血管内碎石术(intravascular lithotripsy, IVL)在机制上区别于传统球囊的机械挤压,它通过发射高幅度的超声波压力波,作用于血管内膜与中层的坚硬钙化组织,使其产生裂隙,这一特性使其对深层钙化的修饰效果,是其他基于消蚀或切割的技术难以比拟的[47]。以Shockwave球囊为代表的IVL,其安全性与有效性已获多项研究证实,在重度钙化病变中展现出卓越的管腔获得能力、支架膨胀率及钙化环打开率,并能有效缩短手术时间[48]-[50]。近年来,国产器械如Vesscrack、Sonico-CX等在单臂研究中亦显示出良好前景,但其与Shockwave的头对头比较数据尚属空白,疗效与安全性仍需更多证据支持[51] [52]

在IVL的临床应用层面,尽管其作用不依赖机械挤压,但球囊尺寸的选择仍是决定疗效的关键。一项OCT观察性研究指出,采用1:1的球囊/参考血管比进行IVL预处理,即使不联合其他球囊也能实现满意的管腔获得[50]。然而,也有专家共识推荐在IVL后使用NC球囊进行后扩张,以期获得最大管腔面积,尽管在IVL后是否需要使用NC球囊这一问题上存在争议,但确保IVL球囊的良好贴壁是各方研究普遍认同的基本原则[53]

3.5. 准分子激光斑块消蚀术

准分子激光斑块消蚀术(excimer laser coronary atherectomy, ELCA)通过光化学、光热及光机械效应消蚀斑块:高能紫外线直接断裂分子键,导致细胞内液升温、细胞破裂并产生蒸汽气泡,其膨胀与塌陷能进一步瓦解阻塞成分[54]。除了消除斑块获得管腔面积外,ELCA似乎还会使得斑块性质改变,有研究显示ELCA后斑块的纤维成分较术前增加。基于此研究,Satoru Sasaki等人做出建议,为减少冠脉穿孔风险,术者可以将IB-IVUS的绿色区域是否增大,作为判断ELCA效果是否达到最佳的标准[55]。ELCA传统上被用于处理冠状动脉内血栓以减轻无复流现象[56]。随着技术进步,在ISR、支架扩张不全等场景也被证明是安全和有效的[57] [58]。然而,对于钙化病变,制造商并不推荐,这主要源于紫外线能量在钙化组织中传递不均所导致的低成功率[59]。近期ROLLER COASTR-EPIC22随机对照研究也同样证实这一观点,在钙化病变中,ELCA的最终支架内面积(5.1 ± 1.8 mm2)未能达到RA (5.5 ± 2.1 mm2)与IVL (5.4 ± 1.8 mm2)的非劣效标准,其疗效相对有限[60]。在安全性方面,近期来自Phillips公司的体外实验提示,与亲水性钢丝相比,聚合物护套钢丝ELCA术后钢丝断裂的总体发生率显著增加,提醒ELCA在聚合金属丝上的使用风险[61]。尽管存在上述局限,在球囊或旋磨头均无法通过的极端病变中,ELCA因其独特的消蚀机制,无论是单独应用还是作为后续联合RA的“桥接”策略,仍不失为一种有价值的备选方案[62] [63]

3.6. 策略选择与经济价值

曾有研究对江苏省某三甲医院2019年至2022年冠心病患者的住院费用进行统计,发现材料费用占比显著高于其他支出类别,主要与此类患者接受冠脉介入治疗相关[64]。在当前医保支付改革的背景下,控制高值耗材使用,降低医保支出、提升医疗质量,同时减轻患者经济负担成为学界共识[65]。因此,在冠脉靶病变预处理中,选择合理且经济的策略尤为重要。

对于经腔内影像学充分评估的病变,推荐优先考虑球囊修饰策略,即使用1:1的球囊/血管直径比,或选择比参考血管直径小0.5 mm的球囊[66]。对于严重钙化病变,术前充分评估并早期应用非球囊技术,不仅有助于缩短手术时间,也有利于减少耗材使用[40]。在非球囊技术的选择方面,日本一项研究表明,尽管RA的单次应用成本低于OA,但OA组与更长的生存期及更低MACE发生率相关,因此被认为更具经济价值[67]。IVL的单次应用价格虽高于RA,但研究发现IVL组使用的球囊和导丝数量较少,总体手术费用比RA组更低(平均价差£ 398,95% CI 181~615,P < 0.001) [68]。综上,预处理策略的选择应基于病变特征进行个体化决策,兼顾临床效果与卫生经济学效益。此外,随着近年来我国集中带量采购制度的实施,国产耗材价格大幅下降,在确保疗效和安全性的前提下,可优先考虑使用国产材料[69]

4. 血管内超声的应用及进展

腔内血管影像学,尤其是血管内超声,已成为复杂冠脉病变介入治疗中不可或缺的环节。血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound, IVUS)通过声波震荡对血管横截面进行实时成像,能精准评估血管大小、形态及斑块性质,被国内外指南广泛推荐用于指导临界病变、左主干病变、分叉病变及慢性完全闭塞病变的介入治疗[70] [71]。IVUS的全程临床应用价值贯穿于PCI的术前、术中和术后。术前,它能精确评估病变,为制定预处理策略提供关键依据;术中,可实时识别夹层、壁内血肿等并发症;术后,则能有效验证支架膨胀、贴壁情况与管腔获得效果[72]。研究表明,与单纯CAG相比,IVUS指导下的预处理能实现更充分的管腔准备,表现为更大的球囊直径选择、更低的残余狭窄率,并最终降低并发症风险[73] [74]。然而,由于IVUS的分辨率相对较低,对组织类型识别能力较弱,除了通过图像后处理的虚拟组织学技术(virtual histology intravascular ultrasound, VH-IVUS),联合近红外光谱(near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS)的方法也逐渐得到应用。体外研究显示,IVUS对钙化和纤维斑块的识别与组织学有着高度的一致性,但是对于富含脂质的坏死核心的识别不足,而结合NIRS则很好地弥补了这一点[75]。在PROSPECT II研究中显示,同时包含高斑块负荷和富脂质核心的病变是预测MACE事件发生的独立危险因素,含有一个或多个此类病变的患者4年非罪犯病变相关MACE率为13.2% (95% CI 9.4~17.6) [76]。更为精细的对斑块脂质量化概念在另一项前瞻性多中心研究被提出,MaxLCBI4mm (maximum 4 mm lipid core burden index),即任意4 mm长的区段内斑块的最大LCBI > 400的病变。研究显示,在MaxLCBI4mm > 400的患者中,非罪犯病变相关MACE率HR为1.89 (1.26~2.83, P = 0.0021) [77]。近期Woohyeun Kim、Kosei Terada等人的研究中也同样显示MaxLCBI4mm与冠心病患者PCI术后的长期预后相关[6] [7]。值得注意的是,回撤速度会影响该指标的测量,研究显示2.0 mm/s回撤所得数值显著高于0.5 mm/s (348.0 vs. 302.0, P < 0.001),这为IVUS-NIRS的规范操作提供了参考[78]

5. 小结

冠脉预处理的核心目的在于为后续DES或DCB的植入与释放创造最佳条件。随着技术的发展,预处理手段日益丰富,从传统的普通球囊,到各类特殊球囊、IVL、RA、OA及ELCA等技术相继应用于临床。与此同时,腔内血管影像学的发展使得术者能更立体地评估病变,不仅量化狭窄与斑块负荷,更能识别斑块性质,从而提升了手术的精准性与成功率。然而,技术的多元化与评估的精准化,并未完全解决临床决策的难题。目前,预处理策略的选择在很大程度上仍依赖于术者的个人经验,其疗效难以在术前进行准确预测。因此,针对高度异质性的病变,如何个体化地选择最优预处理方案,依然是当前临床实践中面临的主要挑战。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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