基于生物标志物的非小细胞肺癌中医药精准 治疗
Precision Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Biomarkers
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.162652, PDF, HTML, XML,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 陈美佳, 陈江龙:黑龙江中医药大学药学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨;朱 昱:中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药用植物研究所云南分所,北京;云南省南药可持续利用重点实验室,云南 景洪;苏锦华:西双版纳州食品药品检验所,云南 景洪;王金辉:西双版纳傣药研究所有限责任公司,云南 景洪;李 光*:黑龙江中医药大学药学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨;中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药用植物研究所云南分所,北京;云南省南药可持续利用重点实验室,云南 景洪;张 瑾*:中日友好医院胸外科,北京
关键词: 非小细胞肺癌生物标志物中医药精准医学肿瘤微环境临床试验设计Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarkers Traditional Chinese Medicine Precision Medicine Tumor Microenvironment Clinical Trial Design
摘要: 晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床治疗目前面临两大核心挑战:一是靶向治疗后的获得性耐药,主要涉及MET基因扩增介导的EGFR-TKI耐药等机制;二是肿瘤微环境(TME)免疫抑制状态导致的原发性免疫耐药。中医药(TCM)在协同西医治疗、逆转耐药及减轻毒副反应方面具有潜在的临床价值,但其现代应用受限于缺乏微观生物学指标的精确指导,导致治疗方案缺乏标准化。本文旨在构建一个基于生物标志物导向的中医药精准干预理论框架。该框架利用驱动基因突变状态、耐药信号通路激活情况、PD-L1表达水平及TME免疫细胞组成等现代生物标志物,作为中医药介入的客观依据,将中医宏观的“辨证论治”与西医微观的“分子分型”有机结合。本文系统综述了中药活性成分针对特定分子病理事件(如小檗碱抑制MET信号通路、灵芝多糖调节免疫微环境)的药理学机制及临床前证据,深入分析了从基础研究向临床转化过程中面临的药代动力学及标准化难题,并提出了基于生物标志物分层的创新临床试验设计策略(如伞式试验),为推动中西医结合肺癌治疗向精准化、循证化发展提供理论依据。
Abstract: Clinical management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) faces major hurdles: first, acquired drug resistance after targeted therapy, which mainly involves mechanisms such as EGFR-TKI resistance mediated by MET gene amplification; second, primary immune resistance caused by the immunosuppressive state of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has demonstrated significant potential in synergistic enhancement, resistance reversal, and toxicity reduction. However, its modern application is hindered by a lack of precise guidance from microscopic biological indicators, resulting in non-standardized treatment protocols. This paper aims to construct a biomarker-guided theoretical framework for precision TCM intervention. This framework utilizes driver gene mutation status, activated resistance signaling pathways, PD-L1 expression levels, and TME immune cell composition as objective evidence for TCM involvement, organically integrating the macro-level “syndrome differentiation and treatment” of TCM with the micro-level “molecular subtyping” of Western medicine. This systematic review examines the pharmacological mechanisms and preclinical evidence of active components in Chinese herbal medicines targeting specific molecular pathological events (e.g., berberine inhibiting MET signaling, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides modulating the immune microenvironment). It thoroughly analyzes pharmacokinetic and standardization challenges encountered during translation from basic research to clinical practice. Finally, innovative biomarker-stratified clinical trial strategies (such as umbrella trials) are proposed to provide a theoretical basis for promoting standardized and evidence-based integration of Chinese and Western medicine in lung cancer therapy.
文章引用:陈美佳, 朱昱, 苏锦华, 王金辉, 陈江龙, 李光, 张瑾. 基于生物标志物的非小细胞肺癌中医药精准 治疗[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 2468-2477. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162652

1. 引言

肺癌是当前全球发病率和死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,严重威胁人类健康。根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)发布的2022年全球癌症统计数据,肺癌新发病例达248万,死亡病例181.7万,分别占所有癌症病例和死亡人数的12.4%和18.7% [1]。非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)占肺癌总数的85%,是临床诊疗的重点范畴。随着分子生物学与基因组学的发展,晚期NSCLC的治疗已进入精准医学时代。以表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)为代表的分子靶向治疗,以及以PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂为核心的免疫检查点阻断治疗,显著改善了驱动基因阳性及免疫优势人群的预后[2]-[4]

然而,现有的治疗手段仍存在显著局限性。在靶向治疗方面,获得性耐药是制约长期疗效的主要因素,其机制复杂,包括靶点二次突变、旁路信号激活及组织学转化等[5] [6]。在免疫治疗方面,部分患者因肿瘤微环境(TME)呈现免疫抑制状态(即“冷肿瘤”)而出现原发性耐药或超进展[7] [8]。中医药在调节机体免疫功能、改善肿瘤微环境及延缓耐药方面具有独特的理论优势和实践基础[9]-[11],但其现代化进程面临核心瓶颈:传统中医诊疗主要依赖宏观层面的“辨证”,缺乏与现代医学兼容的微观量化指标,难以实现与西医精准治疗的无缝对接。

生物标志物是连接疾病微观分子病理与临床治疗决策的关键中介。现代肺癌生物标志物体系不仅能精准定位肿瘤的分子特征(对应中医的“邪气”),还能反映机体的免疫状态(对应中医的“正气”)。基于此,本文将系统梳理NSCLC关键生物标志物,并将其与中药药理学研究证据进行关联分析,旨在构建“生物标志物导向的中医药精准干预框架”,并探讨跨越基础研究至临床应用障碍的转化路径。肺癌发生机制如图1所示。

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of lung cancer pathogenesis

1. 肺癌发生机制图

2. 非小细胞肺癌关键生物标志物研究进展

生物标志物在现代肿瘤诊疗中起着决定性作用,其稳定性、灵敏度与特异性是制定个性化治疗方案的前提[12] [13]。目前,NSCLC的生物标志物主要分为分子标志物、免疫相关标志物及液体活检标志物三大类。

2.1. 分子生物标志物:靶向治疗的物质基础

驱动基因突变是实施靶向治疗的依据。EGFR突变是亚裔NSCLC患者最常见的驱动基因,发生率约40%~60%,主要包括19号外显子缺失(Ex19del)和21号外显子L858R点突变[14] [15]。尽管第三代TKI奥希替尼已成为一线标准治疗药物,但患者在使用后仍不可避免地出现耐药。主要耐药机制包括EGFR C797S突变、MET基因扩增以及向小细胞肺癌(SCLC)转化等[16] [17]。这些耐药机制的阐明为中医药的介入提供了明确的分子靶点。此外,ALK重排、KRAS G12C突变以及ROS1、RET融合等罕见靶点均已开发出相应的靶向药物[18],针对这些靶点的联合治疗策略也是中西医结合研究的重要方向。

2.2. 免疫相关生物标志物

免疫标志物反映了宿主免疫系统与肿瘤细胞的相互作用状态。PD-L1表达水平是目前指导免疫检查点抑制剂(ICI)应用的主要指标,但其预测效能受到时空异质性的影响[19] [20]。肿瘤突变负荷(TMB)和微卫星不稳定性(MSI)作为反映肿瘤免疫原性的指标,也在临床中得到应用[21] [22]。更为关键的是肿瘤免疫微环境(TME)的细胞组成。TME中富集的调节性T细胞(Tregs)、髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)及M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs)构成了免疫抑制网络,阻碍了效应T细胞(CD8+ T cells)的浸润和杀伤功能[23]-[25]。对TME免疫状态的精准评估,是中医药发挥免疫调节作用的切入点。

2.3. 液体活检:动态监测技术

液体活检通过检测血液中的循环肿瘤DNA (ctDNA),能够无创、动态地监测肿瘤的分子演进。该技术在检测微小残留病灶(MRD)、提前发现耐药突变(如MET扩增)方面具有显著优势[26] [27]。这为中医药在肿瘤复发高危期或耐药早期的及时介入提供了时间窗口和客观依据。

3. 基于生物标志物的中医药精准干预策略

本章节重点阐述现代生物标志物体系与中医药现代药理学研究的对应关系(见表1),通过整合现有证据,构建基于生物学机制的干预策略。

Table 1. Potential targets and preclinical evidence for TCM intervention based on biomarkers

1. 基于生物标志物的中医药干预潜在靶点及临床前证据

干预靶点/通路(生物标志物)

活性成分/代表中药

主要作用机制(临床前证据)

潜在临床应用方向

参考文献

EGFR信号通路

黄芩苷

结合EGFR ATP位点,抑制激酶活性

增强EGFR-TKIs疗效

[39]

获得性EGFR-TKI耐药(MET扩增)

小檗碱/黄连

抑制HGF/c-MET信号及下游AKT、ERK磷酸化

干预MET旁路激活介导的耐药

[40]

获得性EGFR-TKI耐药(组织学转化)

人参皂苷Rg3

上调E-cadherin,下调Vimentin,抑制EMT

抑制或延缓向SCLC转化

[40]

PD-L1表达

槲皮素

结合PD-L1蛋白,阻断PD-1/PD-L1相互作用

辅助免疫检查点抑制剂 治疗

[41]

免疫抑制微环境

多糖类

促进DC成熟,通过TLR4增强抗原呈递

改善“冷肿瘤”状态, 提高ICI响应率

[42]

MDSCs, Tregs

黄芪/雷公藤甲素

抑制MDSC增殖;选择性 清除Tregs

解除免疫抑制,恢复T细胞功能

[43]

3.1. 针对关键信号通路及耐药机制的干预

中药活性成分在调节EGFR信号通路及逆转耐药方面显示出多靶点、多层次的作用特点。

首先,部分中药单体具有直接抑制EGFR激酶活性的潜力。药理学研究表明,黄芩苷(Baicalin)可直接结合于EGFR的ATP结合口袋,发挥类似酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的作用[28]。紫草素(Shikonin)则通过抑制硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR),诱导EGFR蛋白的泛素化–蛋白酶体降解,这种机制使其对某些激酶结构域突变的耐药细胞仍具有抑制活性[29]

其次,针对EGFR-TKI治疗中常见的MET旁路激活耐药,中医药提供了联合治疗的可能。体外研究证实,小檗碱(Berberine)能有效抑制HGF/c-MET信号通路,下调MET及其下游AKT、ERK的磷酸化水平。这一发现提示,对于经ctDNA检测确认存在MET扩增的EGFR-TKI耐药患者,联合使用小檗碱可能有助于克服耐药。此外,针对腺癌向SCLC转化的组织学转化耐药机制,中医药可能通过调控上皮–间质转化(EMT)发挥作用。EMT是肿瘤细胞获得侵袭性和干性的关键过程。人参皂苷Rg3在多种肿瘤模型中被证实能上调上皮标志物E-cadherin表达、下调间质标志物Vimentin及转录因子Snail表达,从而抑制EMT进程[30]-[32]。这提示在TKI治疗期间联用人参皂苷Rg3,可能延缓组织学转化的发生。针对KRAS突变,雷公藤红素(Triptolepin A)显示出与KRAS G12C抑制剂的协同效应,可能通过干扰肿瘤细胞的特异性代谢依赖发挥作用[33]

3.2. 靶向免疫微环境的调节

中医药“扶正培本”的治疗原则与现代免疫学“增强抗肿瘤免疫应答”的理念相通。多项研究证实,中医药能重塑免疫抑制微环境。

在免疫检查点调控方面,槲皮素(Quercetin)被证实能影响PD-1/PD-L1轴,结构生物学研究利用分子对接与表面等离子共鸣(SPR)技术证明,槲皮素能特异性嵌入PD-L1二聚体界面的核心疏水性口袋(如Tyr56、Met115等残基位点),从而竞争性阻断其与PD-1的结合[29]。在敲除PD-L1基因的细胞系中,槲皮素的免疫增强效应显著消失,这一遗传学证据排除了其通过非特异性途径产生表型效应的可能性,进一步佐证了其靶向特异性。淫羊藿苷(Icariin)则能下调耗竭T细胞表面的LAG-3表达,与PD-1抗体联用显示出协同抗肿瘤效应[30]-[32]

在微环境细胞组分重塑方面,多糖类成分(如灵芝多糖、黄芪多糖)作为生物反应调节剂,可通过激活TLR4受体促进树突状细胞(DC)成熟,增强抗原呈递能力,促进T细胞向肿瘤组织浸润[34] [35]。针对免疫抑制细胞,人参皂苷和莪术醇可诱导M2型TAMs向具有抗肿瘤活性的M1型极化[36];雷公藤甲素在特定剂量下可选择性减少Tregs的数量和功能[37];丹参中的丹酚酸B能抑制肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(CAFs)的活化,改善基质硬度,利于免疫细胞浸润[38]

4. 临床证据现状与转化医学挑战

尽管临床前研究为中西医结合治疗肺癌提供了丰富的理论依据,但目前临床证据的积累仍处于初步探索阶段,同时面临着从基础研究向临床应用转化的多重挑战。现有的探索性研究虽然在证据等级上尚待提升,但已初步揭示了中医药在特定生物标志物人群中的应用潜力。例如,一项针对28例EGFR-TKI耐药患者的临床研究显示,在标准治疗的基础上联合以黄芪、白术为主的中药复方,不仅改善了患者的体力状况评分(KPS),更在经液体活检证实存在MET扩增的亚组患者中观察到了肿瘤负荷的短暂稳定,这是临床上首次尝试将宏观的“益气固本”治则与微观的MET扩增耐药机制建立关联。此外,一项纳入86例接受免疫治疗的晚期NSCLC患者的回顾性队列研究发现,长期服用破壁灵芝孢子粉的患者,其免疫相关不良反应(irAEs)发生率显著降低;且在通常认为对免疫治疗响应不佳的PD-L1低表达(TPS < 1%)亚组中,联合治疗组的疾病控制率(DCR)呈现上升趋势[11]。这些初步数据提示,在生物标志物的指引下,中医药可能在特定人群中发挥增效减毒的作用。

然而,要将这些初步发现转化为被广泛认可的临床实践,必须跨越转化医学中的几个关键鸿沟。首先是药代动力学(PK)与靶点暴露量的问题。许多在细胞实验中显示出显著抗癌活性的中药单体(如姜黄素、白藜芦醇),由于口服生物利用度极低、代谢转化快,难以在人体肿瘤组织中达到体外实验所示的有效浓度[44],此外,由于姜黄素等天然产物常表现出泛检测干扰化合物(PAINS)的特征,早期的体外表型筛选文献可能存在非特异性干扰导致的假阳性结果。因此,对其机制的阐述应保持高度谨慎,应优先引用基于X射线晶体学解析的配体–蛋白复合物结构或基于靶点点突变/基因敲除的特异性验证研究,以确保药理学机制的科学可靠性,避免过度解读缺乏靶向特异性的早期实验结论[45]。这导致体外研究结论难以直接外推至临床,亟需开展针对关键活性成分的人体PK研究。其次是药物相互作用(DDI)的风险。中药成分复杂,与靶向药物或免疫药物联用时,可能通过调节关键代谢酶及转运体诱发DDI风险。以小檗碱(Berberine)为例,研究证实其为CYP3A4酶的竞争性抑制剂,并能抑制外排转运体P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的活性。鉴于奥希替尼主要经CYP3A4代谢且是P-gp的底物,联用小檗碱可能显著升高奥希替尼的血药浓度(AUC和Cmax),进而增加患者出现3级以上皮疹、腹泻或间质性肺炎的潜在风险。对于免疫治疗,中药若抑制CYP酶系,可能改变肿瘤间质中色氨酸代谢产物(如犬尿氨酸)的局部浓度,从而预判其对免疫检查点抑制剂应答率的间接影响。目前尚缺乏系统性的DDI研究数据支持[46]。再者,制剂的标准化与质量控制是实现科学可重复性的基础。传统中药材因产地、采收季节及炮制工艺的差异,其化学成分存在显著的批间波动。当前研究多使用成分界定不清的“提取物”而非标准化的“植物药制剂”,这一技术壁垒严重阻碍了中西医结合研究成果在国际学术界的推广[47]-[49]。最后,尽管中药通常被认为安全性较高,但长期联合用药的潜在肝肾毒性仍需严谨的临床前毒理学数据及临床监测方案予以保障[50] [51]

5. 展望:基于生物标志物的创新临床试验设计

为了突破现有的研究瓶颈,未来的中西医结合肺癌研究必须从传统的广泛入组模式,转向基于生物标志物精准分层的创新临床试验模式。借鉴现代肿瘤药物研发的先进理念,采用“篮子试验”(Basket Trial)和“伞式试验”(Umbrella Trial)设计,将是验证中医药精准疗效、实现“证靶同调”的关键途径。如表2所示。

Table 2. Innovative clinical trial design plans for integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine based on biomarkers

2. 基于生物标志物的中西医结合创新临床试验设计方案

试验类型

试验代号

目标人群

核心生物标志物分层标准

干预方案(示例)

主要终点 指标

篮子试验

IMMUNO-TCM

晚期实体瘤患者 (含NSCLC), 表现为低免疫浸润

肿瘤组织CD8+ T细胞 密度低(“免疫荒漠型”)

PD-1抑制剂 + 标准化人参皂苷Rg3制剂

客观缓解率(ORR)

伞式试验

T-BRIDGE

获得性奥希替尼耐药 的EGFR突变晚期NSCLC患者

A组:MET基因扩增

A组:奥希替尼 + MET抑制剂 + 标准化小檗碱制剂

6个月无进展生存率(PFS)

B组:组织学转化为SCLC

B组:EP化疗 + 标准化人参皂苷Rg3制剂

C组:未知耐药机制

C组:后线化疗 + ICIs + 黄芪多糖注射液

针对免疫治疗响应率低的问题,可设计名为“IMMUNO-TCM”的篮子试验。该试验打破癌种限制,以肿瘤免疫微环境状态为入组依据,筛选所有经免疫组化或多重免疫荧光确认存在低T细胞浸润(即“免疫荒漠型”)的晚期实体瘤患者,其中包括NSCLC队列。在干预措施上,给予PD-1抑制剂联合标准化的人参皂苷Rg3制剂。该研究以客观缓解率(ORR)为主要终点,并重点监测治疗前后肿瘤组织中CD8+ T细胞浸润密度的动态变化。这种设计旨在验证中药是否具有改善微环境、将“冷肿瘤”转为“热肿瘤”的广谱效应,从而为中药免疫调节剂的临床定位提供坚实证据[52]

针对EGFR-TKI耐药这一复杂的临床难题,可设计名为“T-BRIDGE”的伞式试验。该试验专门针对奥希替尼耐药的EGFR突变NSCLC患者,利用ctDNA或组织活检技术明确患者的具体耐药机制,并据此进行精准的分层治疗。对于检测出MET基因扩增的患者,分配至A组,接受奥希替尼联合MET抑制剂及标准化小檗碱制剂治疗。考虑到前述小檗碱对CYP3A4的抑制潜力,试验设计中应强制引入治疗药物监测(TDM),通过监测奥希替尼的稳态血药浓度,评估DDI对药代动力学产生的实际改变,从而在保障安全的前提下,验证其与西药在MET旁路激活上的协同增效价值[53];对于发生SCLC组织学转化的患者,分配至B组,接受标准的EP化疗方案联合标准化人参皂苷Rg3制剂,旨在利用Rg3抑制EMT的特性延缓转化进程或增强化疗敏感性;对于耐药机制尚不明确的患者,分配至C组,采用后线化疗联合免疫检查点抑制剂及黄芪多糖注射液,探索中医药在非特异性耐药人群中的增效作用。通过比较各分层组的无进展生存期(PFS),该试验有望明确中医药在特定耐药机制下的治疗价值[54]

此外,随着多组学技术的发展,未来的研究还应致力于探索能反映中医“证候”本质的分子特征谱,利用基因组、转录组及代谢组学数据建立“证候生物标志物”,实现中医理论的数字化表达。同时,鉴于肠道菌群在药物代谢及免疫系统调节中的核心作用,以及中药口服制剂对肠道微生态的显著调节能力,特定肠道菌群丰度的变化有望成为预测中药复方疗效及指导个性化用药的新型标志物。通过上述创新设计与前沿技术的融合,中西医结合肺癌治疗有望逐步建立起一套科学、规范、精准的综合诊疗体系。

6. 结论

本文构建的“生物标志物导向的非小细胞肺癌中医药精准治疗体系”,旨在将中医的整体观与现代医学的精准观相融合。该体系强调利用现代生物标志物作为中医药介入的客观指征,通过规范化的植物药制剂、先进的液体活检监测技术以及严谨的临床试验设计,逐步解决中医药临床应用中存在的定位模糊、疗效评价不规范等问题。未来的研究应坚持循证医学原则,深化转化医学研究,推动中西医结合肺癌治疗方案向标准化、精准化和国际化方向迈进,最终为患者提供更优的生存获益。

基金项目

云南省重大科技专项(202402AA310041)、云南省王金辉专家工作站(202405AF140073)、CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2024-I2M-C&T-A-008)。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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