晚期三阴性乳腺癌精准治疗的研究进展
Research Progress in Precision Treatment of Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.162662, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 陈 静, 尹树山*:南充市高坪区人民医院肿瘤中心,四川 南充;李青容:川北医学院附属医院检验科,四川 南充
关键词: 三阴性乳腺癌靶向治疗免疫治疗抗体偶联药物治疗Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Targeted-Therapy Immunotherapy Antibody-Drug Conjugate Therapy
摘要: 三阴性乳腺癌(Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, TNBC)是乳腺癌中最具侵袭性的一个亚型,其恶性程度高,易出现内脏转移和脑转移。目前系统治疗仍然以化疗为主。近年来,随着特殊靶点的发现及靶向、免疫和抗体偶联药物的发明,精准治疗药物被应用于晚期三阴性乳腺癌的治疗中,其具有特异性、高效性、安全性等特点,大幅度降低了传统化疗所造成的毒副反应,进一步改善了TNBC患者的预后。本文详细阐述TNBC的靶向、免疫以及抗偶联药物的研究进展,以期为临床治疗提供参考。
Abstract: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. It has a high degree of malignancy and is prone to visceral metastasis and brain metastasis. At present, systemic treatment still mainly relies on chemotherapy. In recent years, with the discovery of special targets and the invention of targeted, immune, and antibody-drug conjugates, precision therapeutic drugs have been applied in the treatment of advanced triple-negative breast cancer. They have the characteristics of specificity, high efficiency, and safety, significantly reducing the toxicity and side effects caused by traditional chemotherapy and further improving the prognosis of TNBC patients. This article elaborates in detail on the research progress of targeted, immune, and anti-conjugation drugs for TNBC, with the aim of providing a reference for clinical treatment.
文章引用:陈静, 尹树山, 李青容. 晚期三阴性乳腺癌精准治疗的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 2547-2553. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162662

1. 引言

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)占乳腺癌发病率的15%~20%,是最具侵袭性的乳腺癌亚型[1];其病理特征为雌激素受体(Estrogen Receptor, ER)、孕激素受体(Progesterone Receptor, PR)和人类表皮生长因子受体-2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2, HER-2)表达均为阴性。最能反映我国TNBC特点的分型是复旦分型[2]。通过整合信使RNA和长链非编码RNA的表达谱,将TNBC划分为腔面雄激素受体型、免疫调节型、间质型和基底样免疫抑制型4种亚型,每种亚型之间富含的信号通路表达不同。因此,对TNBC进行更精细的分类,推动其精准化、个性化诊疗显得尤为重要。本文对已完成的TNBC临床试验进行梳理,有助于为TNBC患者的治疗策略提供新的视角。

2. 免疫检查点抑制剂(Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, ICIs)的研究进展

随着对TNBC免疫微环境的深入研究,免疫疗法是重要的治疗方式之一,主要包括免疫检查点阻断剂、细胞治疗、肿瘤疫苗等方式。然而,在晚期TNBC领域,细胞治疗、肿瘤疫苗等治疗方法仍处于早期试验阶段。目前免疫检查点阻断剂在临床应用最广泛,已证明对晚期或转移性乳腺癌患者(尤其是TNBC患者)具有临床疗效[3]-[5]

免疫检查点作为免疫调节机制中的负向调控器,其通过抑制T细胞活性,导致T细胞无法识别肿瘤细胞,从而实现免疫逃逸。目前临床常用的免疫检查点是程序性死亡-1 (Programmed Death-1, PD-1/PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4 (Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen, CTLA-4);既往临床研究针对晚期TNBC患者单一使用免疫检查点阻断剂与传统化疗比较,其预后无显著改善[6]-[8]。之后探索免疫疗法过程中,发现免疫联合化疗治疗晚期TNBC取得了较好的临床效果。IMpassion130研究[9]采用紫杉醇联合阿替利珠抗体治疗PD-L1阳性患者,其无进展生存期(Progression Free Survival, PFS)较化疗组延长2.5个月,整体生存期(Overall Survival, OS)延长7个月。基于KEYNOTE-355研究[10]的结果显示,晚期TNBC患者接受帕博利珠单抗联合化疗可使死亡率风险降低35%,且平均PFS延长约4个月。美国FDA加速批准了帕博利珠单抗联合化疗作为不可切除、局部复发或转移、PD-L1阳性(CPS ≥ 10) TNBC的一线治疗。另有研究显示,TNBC中CTLA-4的表达最高[11],KN046是一种新型的PD-1/CTLA-4双特异性抗体。最新的一项多中心、开放的II期研究[12] (NCT03872791)显示,KN046联合白蛋白结合型紫杉醇一线治疗局部晚期无法手术或转移性的TNBC患者具有良好的临床疗效和生存获益。这一结果可能预示着双特异性抗体时代的到来,并在一定程度上证实两种ICIs联合用药的可行性和有效性。

3. TNBC靶向治疗的进展

3.1. PARP抑制剂

BRCA1/2是TNBC重要的抑癌基因,其主要抗肿瘤机制是阻断PARP参与DNA损伤修复,加重细胞DNA损伤;目前PARP抑制剂获批用于治疗转移性TNBC的只有奥拉帕尼和他拉唑帕尼[13]。奥拉帕尼对于BRCA1/2突变阳性的乳腺癌患者,其疗效优于标准疗法[14],且奥拉帕尼联合治疗在TNBC治疗中也有良好效果。一项回顾性分析也指出,在转移性TNBC中,奥拉帕尼与其他药物(如卡培他滨和阿贝西利等)联合应用可以进一步提高疗效[15]。EMBRACA试验证实[16] [17],与化疗组比较,他拉唑帕尼显著性延长BRCA1/2突变晚期乳腺癌患者的PFS,TNBC亚组PFS达8.6个月(化疗组PFS为5.6个月),ORR/CBR同步提升。在晚期TNBC患者中,他拉唑帕尼和阿维鲁单抗联合使用还观察到持久抗肿瘤反应,mDOR为1.2个月,ORR为18.2%。

3.2. 血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)受体抑制剂

EGFR/VEGFR/PDGF主要涉及RTKs信号通路,其过度激活导致血管异常增生,为肿瘤细胞增殖提供充足的营养,并为其侵袭和转移提供通道[18]。ETER901研究[19]通过实现免疫激活与血管调控的双重机制协同增效,共纳入147例女性晚期TNBC患者,并将安罗替尼联合贝莫苏拜单抗治疗晚期TNBC作为一线方案,结果显示中位无进展生存期7.85个月(vs白蛋白紫杉醇5.55个月),中位总生存期为35.81个月(vs白蛋白紫杉醇21.03个月),患者疗效及安全性均良好,因此,VEGF仍是TNBC靶向治疗的重要靶点之一。一项在现实世界中的研究[20],分析了163例转移性TNBC患者的临床数据,显示了低剂量阿帕替尼联合化疗治疗转移性三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)比单独化疗更有效;阿帕替尼联合化疗组患者的客观缓解率(Objective Response Rate, ORR)和疾病控制率(Disease Control Rate, DCR)分别为50%和90%,中位PFS和OS分别为7.8个月和20.3个月,而单纯化疗组ORR和DCR仅为6.7%和20.0% (p < 0.001),中位PFS和OS分别仅为2.2个月和9.0个月(p < 0.001)。此外,与推荐剂量的阿帕替尼相比,3/4级非血液学毒性的发生率显著降低。但目前大多数研究仍属小规模临床试验,尚需更大规模的随机对照试验来验证VEGFR抑制剂在TNBC患者中的长期疗效和安全性。

3.3. 其他

此外,磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/AKT信号通路、MAPK通路等在三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)中频繁激活。曲美替尼(Trametinib)是一种选择性MEK1/2抑制剂。在一项开放标签的II期临床试验中,37例接受曲美替尼单药治疗的转移性TNBC患者有5.4%达PR,16.2%达SD。研究表明曲美替尼单药治疗TNBC的有效率相对较低,但仍有一定临床获益[21]。在一项II期LOTUS试验[22]中,纳入124例无法切除的晚期TNBC患者,结果显示,帕他色替联合紫杉醇组患者的mPFS从4.9个月增加到6.2个月,mOS从16.9个月增加到25.8个月,显示出良好的临床疗效。因此,在一线紫杉醇治疗TNBC的基础上加入AKT抑制剂可显著延长PFS和OS。另有研究表明,阿培利司作为全球首个靶向PIK3CA突变的口服PI3K抑制剂,正在成为越来越多专家推荐的二线治疗选择。在一项纳入17例复发性晚期TNBC的Ib期临床试验中,阿培利司与奥拉帕尼联合治疗显示出较好的临床效果[23]。然而,目前大多数关于阿培利司的数据来自于实验室模型和小规模临床试验,尚需进一步的大规模临床试验验证其实际效果。

4. 抗体偶联药物的研究进展

4.1. 靶向HER-2的抗体偶联药物与晚期TNBC

对于HER-2阴性的病人,可根据免疫组织化学(Immuno‐Histochemical, IHC)进一步分为HER‐2低表达[IHC HER‐2 1+/2+且原位杂交(In Situ Hybridization, FISH)阴性]和无表达(HER‐2 0) [24]。对于ER、PR阴性和HER‐2低表达的这部分患者,靶向HER‐2的ADC药物已逐渐被应用于临床治疗中。DESTINY‐Breast04研究[25]纳入557例HER‐2低表达的转移性乳腺癌病人,其中包括58例HER‐2低表达的TNBC乳腺癌病人,分析显示Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd)较化疗显著改善HER‐2低表达TNBC病人的PFS和OS,故对于HER‐2低表达的TNBC,可考虑使用T‐DXd治疗。DAISY研究[26]、TROPION-Breast01研究[27]对低表达和0表达的转移性乳腺癌患者,均显示出较好的生存获益,进一步巩固了ADC药物在晚期HER-2阴性乳腺癌后线治疗中的地位。

4.2. 靶向TROP2的抗体偶联药物与晚期TNBC

TROP2是一种Ⅰ型细胞表面糖蛋白,在95%的TNBC中表达[28],且对肿瘤细胞增殖转移较为关键;其代表性靶向药物如戈沙妥珠单抗(Sacituzumab Govitecan, SG)、Datopotamab Deruxtecan (Dato-DXd/DS-1062)和SKB264等均显示出良好的抗肿瘤活性。Dato-DXd在连接子稳定性和旁观者效应上具有优势,可能更适合TROP2表达异质性或中低表达的肿瘤。SG作为首款TROP2抗偶联药物,疗效在TNBC等TROP2高表达肿瘤中已验证,但毒性较高。SKB264通过高药物抗体比和稳定连接子设计,旨在平衡疗效与毒性,但旁观者效应较弱,其优势人群可能集中在TROP2高表达肿瘤。在一项国际、多中心III期研究[29]中验证了SG在复发或难治性TNBC人群中的有效性和安全性,结果显示:与化疗相比,SG改善了中位PFS (4.8个月vs 1.7个月)和中位OS (11.8个月vs 6.9个月),提高了ORR (31% vs 4%);而EVER-132-001 (NCT04454437)是首个关于SG在中国人群中mTNBC的一项多中心、单组、II期研究[30],结果显示,接受SG治疗患者的mPFS为5.6个月,ORR为38.8%;SG在中国mTNBC患者中显示出显著的临床活性。TROPION-Breast02是一项Ⅲ期临床试验[31],旨在比较Dato-DXd与化疗一线治疗转移性TNBC的疗效,结果显示Dato-Dxd组中位PFS为6.9个月(vs化疗组4.5个月),ORR为36% (vs化疗组23%),缓解持续时间为7.7个月(vs化疗组5.8个月),然而,在最终分析中,OS未显示出统计学上的显著差异。OptiTROP-Breast01研究结果[32]显示,与化疗相比,SKB264单药3线及以上治疗局部晚期或转移性TNBC,能够延长患者的mPFS (6.7个月vs 2.5个月,HR = 0.32,p < 0.01)和mOS (未达到vs 9.4个月,HR = 0.53,p < 0.01)。综上,未来需进一步开展头对头临床研究并完善TROP2表达量检测体系,以明确三者最佳的适用人群。此外,更多关于TNBC的抗体偶联药物的单药与联合用药从一线到后线治疗的临床试验正在展开。

4.3. 针对其他靶点的抗体偶联药物

除TROP2和HER-2外,靶向HER3的抗体偶联药物已对TNBC显示出了初步疗效。研究显示,约28%的TNBC病例表现出HER3表达水平升高[33]。Patritumab Deruxtecan (HER3-DXd)是一种正在研究的her3靶向抗体–药物偶联物,研究结果表明[34],HER3-DXd对TNBC亚组与SG一样有效。此外,正在研究的针对TNBC的靶点还包括LIV-1、Nectin-4、叶酸受体α、表皮生长因子受体和酪氨酸激酶样孤儿素受体2等。这些靶点有望为TNBC患者提供多样化的治疗选择,特别是在传统治疗效果有限的情况下,为TNBC的治疗带来了新的前景和方法。

5. 总结

本综述系统性回顾了近年来晚期TNBC精准治疗的研究进展,大量研究表明免疫、靶向、抗体–药物偶联药物和联合方案在乳腺癌治疗中的巨大价值,然而,药物的治疗顺序、生物标志物的选择及耐药机制是临床决策的核心挑战。目前晚期TNBC的治疗已进入“精准分层、序贯联合”的时代。首先,治疗顺序的选择依赖于对BRCA1/2、PD-L1、HER2 (低表达)、Trop-2等关键生物标志物的精准检测。基于PD-L1状态,PD-L1阳性(CPS ≥ 10)的一线治疗,免疫检查点抑制剂联合紫杉类化疗是标准方案,KEYNOTE-355和IMpassion130研究奠定了其地位,显著改善无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS);PD-L1阴性或低表达,单纯化疗仍是主要选择。对于胚系BRCA1/2突变的患者,基于OlympiAD和EMBRACA两项研究,PARP抑制剂(奥拉帕利、他拉唑帕利)也是一线治疗的高效选择。而在一线治疗进展后,顺序选择尤为复杂,核心考虑因素包括:一线是否用过免疫检查点抑制剂:若未用过且肿瘤PD-L1阳性,二线仍可考虑免疫检查点抑制剂联合不同化疗方案。若患者胚系BRCA1/2突变且一线未使用PARP抑制剂,后线应优先使用;基于ASCENT研究,戈沙妥珠单抗(Sacituzumab Govitecan)已成为标准二线或后线治疗,且Trop-2高表达者可能获益更佳。基于DESTINY-Breast04研究,HER2低表达的TNBC患者,德曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab Deruxtecan, T-DXd)已成为重要的后线治疗选择。此外,对于三线及以上治疗,参加临床试验、其他化疗方案(如艾立布林、卡培他滨)、基于新发现的靶点选择治疗,以及将抗偶联药物与免疫检查点抑制剂、PARP抑制剂或其他靶向药联合,是前沿探索的治疗方向。其次,耐药机制是治疗失败及患者预后不良的核心制约因素。对耐药机制的深入研究是开发下一代疗法的基础,尤其对于抗偶联药物的耐药机制,主要有以下4点:第一,靶点相关机制:① 抗原下调或丢失:如Trop-2表达降低,导致抗偶联药物无法有效结合肿瘤细胞;② 抗原表位改变:靶蛋白结构变异,影响抗偶联药物识别。第二,载荷相关机制:① 载药泵出:肿瘤细胞高表达外排泵蛋白(如P-糖蛋白),将进入细胞内的化疗药物(如SN-38、DXd)主动泵出,降低细胞内药物浓度;② 载荷代谢改变:细胞对载荷药物的代谢和解毒能力增强。第三,抗偶联药物内吞及转运过程异常。第四,靶向非肿瘤细胞,抗偶联药物通过“旁观者效应”杀伤临近肿瘤细胞,若肿瘤微环境改变影响该效应,也可导致耐药。

综上,晚期TNBC的一线治疗标准已确立,但后线治疗的顺序仍缺乏高级别循证医学证据,需根据患者特征、既往治疗和生物标志物个体化制定;通过智能设计临床试验,优化全程治疗顺序和联合策略,以期对晚期TNBC的治疗能有进一步获益。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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