电子商务中的格式条款法律规制与消费者保护

The Legal Regulation of Standard Terms in E-Commerce and Consumer Protection

摘要: 数字经济时代，电子商务平台通过格式条款实现交易效率与规模扩张的同时，也引发了消费者知情权受限、公平交易权受侵及单方面变更权滥用等系统性法律问题。本文基于对现有文献研究成果的系统梳理，深入剖析我国电子商务格式条款在订入控制、内容规制、单方变更及个人信息保护等方面的规制困境。研究发现，当前法律体系存在适用标准模糊、提示义务虚化、司法裁判冲突等核心症结，根源在于平台“私权力”膨胀与消费者弱势地位之间的结构性失衡。本文创新性地提出三项核心规制路径：第一，构建以平台经济地位与治理能力为基准的分级管理制度，实现差异化精准监管；第二，建立类型化与动态化的“黑名单–灰名单”效力评价体系，将抽象原则转化为可操作的审查标准；第三，引入程序性控权机制，确立平台成员权与强制性协商程序，从“事后救济”转向“事前事中控制”。通过平衡平台合理商业需求与消费者合法权益，本文旨在为《电子商务法》与《民法典》的协调适用提供理论支撑，推动平台经济从“规模扩张”向“秩序构建”转型。

Abstract: In the digital economy era, while e-commerce platforms achieve transaction efficiency and scale expansion through standard terms, they have simultaneously triggered systemic legal issues such as restricted consumer rights to information, infringed fair trade rights, and abuse of unilateral modification rights. Based on a systematic review of existing literature, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of regulatory challenges in China’s e-commerce standard terms regarding contract formation control, content regulation, unilateral modification, and personal information protection. The study identifies core systemic issues including ambiguous legal standards, diluted disclosure obligations, and conflicting judicial rulings, which stem from structural imbalances between the expansion of platforms’ “private power” and consumers’ vulnerable positions. The paper innovatively proposes three core regulatory approaches: First, establishing a tiered management system based on platforms’ economic status and governance capabilities to achieve differentiated precision regulation; Second, creating a typified and dynamic “blacklist-gray list” effectiveness evaluation system to transform abstract principles into actionable review criteria; Third, introducing procedural control mechanisms to establish platform membership rights and mandatory negotiation procedures, shifting from “post-event remedies” to “pre-event and in-process controls.” By balancing platforms’ legitimate commercial needs with consumers’ lawful rights, this study aims to provide theoretical support for the coordinated application of the “E-Commerce Law” and the “Civil Code”, promoting the transformation of platform economies from “scale expansion” to “order construction.”