甲型H3N2流感病毒的遗传进化与系统动力学研究进展
Research Advances in Genetic Evolution and Phylodynamics of Influenza A H3N2 Virus
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.162722, PDF,   
作者: 朱瑾怀：赣南医科大学第一临床医学院，江西 赣州；曾治平*：赣南医科大学第一附属医院全科医学科，江西 赣州
关键词: 甲型H3N2流感病毒；遗传进化；系统动力学；抗原漂移；重组；疫苗设计；流行病学监测；Influenza A H3N2 Virus； Genetic Evolution； Phylodynamics； Antigenic Drift； Recombination； Vaccine Design； Epidemiological Surveillance
摘要: 甲型H3N2流感病毒是引起全球季节性流感的主要病原体之一，自1968年大流行以来持续演化。其突出的快速抗原变异与重组能力，严重导致疫苗匹配困难与疫情反复。病毒进化主要由血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的突变积累与基因重配来驱动，上位性作用与结构约束共同塑造该病毒抗原变异路径。系统动力学模型整合基因组和流行病学数据，揭示了病毒传播的时空方式，并发现HA/NA表位遗传距离与流行规模、传播强度具有显著相关性。有研究表明，病毒进化具有明显的区域与宿主的特异性；在疫苗方面，抗原具有快速进化、鸡胚适应性突变及重组事件导致疫苗保护效果下降的特性，特别是在西太平洋等地区存在疫苗株更新滞后的问题。未来需要通过多学科交叉，加强全球监测、开发广谱疫苗、构建整合多基因的预测模型，同时深入评估跨物种传播风险，进而提升对H3N2流感的防控能力。本综述系统阐述了H3N2病毒的遗传进化机制、系统动力学特征以及该病毒对流行病学与疫苗策略的影响。
Abstract: The influenza A H3N2 virus is one of the main pathogens causing seasonal influenza worldwide. Since the 1968 pandemic, it has continuously evolved, characterized by rapid antigenic variation and strong recombination capability, which significantly contributes to vaccine mismatch and recurrent outbreaks. Viral evolution is primarily driven by the accumulation of mutations in the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, as well as genetic reassortment. Epistatic interactions and structural constraints jointly shape the antigenic evolution of the virus. Phylodynamic models, integrating genomic and epidemiological data, have revealed spatiotemporal patterns of viral transmission and demonstrated significant correlations between genetic distances in HA/NA epitopes and epidemic magnitude as well as transmission intensity. Studies indicate that the evolution of the virus exhibits distinct regional and host-specific characteristics. Regarding vaccines, rapid antigenic evolution, egg-adaptive mutations, and recombination events contribute to reduced vaccine effectiveness, particularly in regions such as the Western Pacific, where delays in updating vaccine strains remain a challenge. Future efforts should involve interdisciplinary approaches to strengthen global surveillance, develop broad-spectrum vaccines, and construct predictive models incorporating multiple genes. Additionally, an in-depth assessment of cross-species transmission risks is essential to enhance the prevention and control of H3N2 influenza. This review systematically elaborates on the genetic evolution mechanisms, phylodynamic characteristics of the H3N2 virus, and its impact on epidemiology and vaccine strategies.
文章引用：朱瑾怀, 曾治平. 甲型H3N2流感病毒的遗传进化与系统动力学研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 3093-3101. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162722

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