吲哚菁绿在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中理想的 胆道显影:术前注射时机临床分析
The Ideal Bile Duct Visualization of Indocyanine Green in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Clinical Analysis of the Timing of Preoperative Injection
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2026.162736, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 杨 卓, 闫坤生, 周宸康:承德医学院研究生学院,河北 承德;许 旭, 李山山, 李全福*:保定市第二医院肝胆外科,河北 保定
关键词: 胆囊切除术腹腔镜吲哚菁绿胆管损伤胆道显影Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Indocyanine Green Bile Duct Injury Cholangiography
摘要: 目的:探究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)中,术前注射吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG)荧光造影剂在胆管可视化操作方面的可行性,并分析其达到理想胆道显影的术前最佳时间。方法:收集2024年4月至2025年5月60例在保定市第二医院接受荧光LC的患者临床资料,进行前瞻性分析。结果:三组的一般资料、术中出血量、术中胆管损伤率、术后胆漏发生率、术后住院时间均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05);在荧光强度差值方面,三组间存在显著差异(P < 0.05),其中4~8 h组均高于其余两组(P < 0.05);在胆管识别效果方面,三组差异存在统计学意义(P < 0.05),4~8 h组胆管识别效果均较其他两组存在统计学意义(P < 0.05);0~4 h组与8~12 h组胆管识别效果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);在术中解剖胆囊三角时间方面,4~8 h组均低于其余两组(P < 0.05)。结论:运用吲哚菁绿荧光显影技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,行胆管可视化操作是便捷、可行的。选择在LC术前4~8 h进行外周静脉注射ICG 2.5 mg可以在术中观察到理想的肝外胆管。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the feasibility of preoperative injection of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent contrast agent in laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for bile duct visualization and to analyze the optimal preoperative timing for achieving ideal bile duct visualization. Methods: Clinical data from 60 patients who underwent fluorescence LC at The No. 2 Hospital of Baoding between April 2024 and May 2025 were collected and analyzed prospectively. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of general data, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative bile duct injury rate, postoperative bile leakage incidence, and postoperative hospital stay (all P > 0.05). There were significant differences in fluorescence intensity differences among the three groups (P < 0.05), with the 4~8 hours preoperative group being higher than the other two groups (P < 0.05). In terms of bile duct identification efficacy, there were statistically significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05). The bile duct identification efficacy of the 4~8 h group was statistically significantly better than that of the other two groups (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in bile duct identification efficacy between the 0~4 h group and the 8~12 h group (P > 0.05). In terms of the time required for intraoperative dissection of the gallbladder triangle, the preoperative 4~8 groups were lower than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging technology for bile duct visualization during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is convenient and feasible. Administering 2.5 mg of ICG via peripheral intravenous injection 4~8 hours prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) enables optimal visualization of the extrahepatic bile ducts during surgery.
文章引用:杨卓, 闫坤生, 周宸康, 许旭, 李山山, 李全福. 吲哚菁绿在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中理想的 胆道显影:术前注射时机临床分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(2): 3237-3244. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.162736

1. 引言

近年来,为降低在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC)中因安全视野暴露不足、胆管解剖结构不清等原因导致胆管损伤(bile duct injury, BDI)的发生率,新技术近红外荧光胆管造影(Near-Infrared Florescence Cholangiography, NIRF-C)出现在人们的视野中。吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green, ICG)作为该技术的荧光造影剂,具有较好的水溶性,经外周静脉入血后能迅速地被血浆蛋白摄取,且完全由肝脏代谢,而后随胆汁排入肠道[1],可被波长750~810 nm的近红外光激发产生波长840 nm左右的荧光,能透过5~10 mm厚度的结缔组织[2]。因此,在精准肝胆外科领域吲哚菁绿荧光显影技术展现出广阔的应用前景,特别是腹腔镜胆囊切除术中,胆管可视化操作的临床价值日益突出。为实现胆管的良好可视化,需要胆管内存在最大荧光信号而肝实质内无荧光信号干扰,即“信号与背景比”最大化[3]。这种理想状态的荧光胆道显影,主要是受ICG术前注射时间和给药剂量两个因素的影响。自从2009年Ishizawa等首次报道ICG胆管显影以来[4],一直有研究者试图确定注射时间和给药剂量,至今为止,仍对其存在明显争议[5]-[7]。本研究为获得理想的胆道显影进行LC术中术前ICG最佳注射时间的探讨。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 资料收集

选取2024年4月~2025年6月60例在保定市第二医院行荧光LC的患者作为研究对象,进行前瞻性研究。纳入标准:(1) 术前初步诊断为胆囊结石伴胆囊炎;(2) 无手术禁忌症;(3) 理解并遵守手术流程,签署知情同意书;(4) 临床资料完整。排除标准:(1) 对吲哚菁绿药物或碘剂过敏;(2) 围产期女性。根据纳入和排除标准,共纳入60例患者,其中0~4 h组20例、4~8 h组20例、8~12 h组20例。术前不同时间注射ICG三个组的性别、年龄、身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、实验室指标等差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05) (见表1)。本研究经保定市第二医院研究伦理委员会批准(编号:CY2025006),符合《赫尔辛基宣言》要求。所有入组患者均获得了知情同意,已在医学研究备案登记信息系统备案。

Table 1. Comparison of preoperative general data between groups

1. 术前一般资料组间比较

分组

年龄(岁)

性别[n (%)]

BMI (kg/m2)

白细胞计数 (109/L)

总胆红素 (μmol/L)

0~4 h组(n = 20)

59.15 ± 13.58

8 (40.0)

12 (60.0)

24.81 ± 2.65

7.42 ± 3.25

14.36 ± 8.25

4~8 h组(n = 20)

53.35 ± 15.03

7 (35.0)

13 (65.0)

23.83 ± 3.22

7.14 ± 2.04

14.87 ± 10.64

8~12 h组(n = 20)

58.85 ± 12.03

13 (65.0)

7 (35.0)

23.40 ± 3.01

6.30 ± 2.76

15.07 ± 4.50

χ2/F/H值

1.153

4.152

1.184

2.623

1.365

P值

0.323

0.125

0.313

0.269

0.505

注:采用Kruskal-Walls秩和检验。

2.2. 方法

2.2.1. 随机分组

本研究共纳入60名接受荧光腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,纳入患者按入院顺序从01到60依次编号,利用随机数字表法按ICG术前给药时间分为三组:0~4 h组、4~8 h组、8~12 h组,各20例。

2.2.2. 效果评估

ICG的注射时间对患者和手术医生保密,术中使用OptoMedic 4K腹腔镜结合近红外荧光成像系统(https://www.optomedic.com/)辅助操作。在胆囊三角解剖过程中,术者启动荧光模式主观评估肝外胆管和肝实质的显影效果,胆管显影效果共包含三个等级:A级(最佳显影)、B级(一般显影)、C级(不佳显影)。肝实质作为干扰背景荧光信号弱,而肝外胆管荧光信号强为A级;肝实质荧光信号强而肝外胆管荧光信号弱为C级;在两者之间则为B级。术中约成90度夹角间距约为5 cm时,摄取荧光图片,通过Photoshop软件处理,降低光源反射的干扰,再用定制的Fiji软件(https://fiji.sc/)客观评估荧光强度差值。胆囊管与胆总管连接处测定的荧光强度,设为X1,肝实质处测定的荧光强度,设为X2,求差值X1 − X2,若荧光成像失败则数值为0。

2.2.3. 手术操作

术前按分组的不同时间,将25 mg注射用吲哚菁绿融于10 ml灭菌注射用水中,得到2.5 mg/ml浓度的ICG造影剂,行皮试无过敏反应后,由外周静脉匀速注入1 ml,注意观察患者反应,做好术前准备。术者、助手成员固定,腹腔镜结合近红外荧光成像系统设备固定,实施气管插管全身麻醉,体位调整为仰卧位,并设置头高脚低联合左侧倾斜的体位。手术采用标准四孔腹腔镜入路。建立气腹,腹压维持12~14 mmHg,分别于脐部(观察孔)、剑突下(主操作孔)及右锁骨中线、右腋前线肋缘下(辅助操作孔)建立手术通道,观察孔置入镜头与术区保持垂直,运用分离钳、抓钳、电凝钩、吸引器、Hem-o-lok夹等进行分离、夹持、电凝、清洗等操作,充分游离胆囊周围及胆囊三角纤维粘连,明确胆囊动脉、胆囊管及肝总管,顺逆行结合电凝剥离胆囊,经观察孔取出胆囊后对胆囊窝进行电凝止血,冲洗术区,放置外科引流管,缝合切口,敷料覆盖,结束手术。手术操作过程中根据实际观察需求开关荧光模式(见图1)。

注:肝实质;胆囊管与胆总管连接处。第一排为近红外荧光成像图片;第二排为Photoshop软件处理后图片;第三排为Fiji软件单通道图片。

Figure 1. Laparoscopic fluorescent staining image

1. 腹腔镜下荧光染色图

2.3. 观察指标

胆管识别效果,荧光强度差值,术中:解剖胆囊三角时间、出血量、胆管损伤,术后:胆漏发生率、住院时间。

2.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据分析,计数资料以例数(百分比) [n (%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。若存在以下情况之一则改用Fisher确切概率法:① 任一理论频数 < 1;② >20%的单元格理论频数 < 5。正态分布计量资料以均数 ± 标准差( x ¯ ±s )表示,多组比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。偏态分布的计量资料及等级资料采用Kruskal-Walls秩和检验。多组间两两比较都采用Bonferroni校正检验。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

1) 三组间荧光强度差值比较差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),0~4 h组(−10.80 ± 5.17)与4~8 h组(21.30 ± 7.40)两组间荧光强度差值比较,存在显著差异(P < 0.05),95%置信区间为(−36.52, −27.67);0~4 h组(−10.80 ± 5.17)与8~12 h组(10.88 ± 3.87)荧光强度差值相比较,存在显著差异(P < 0.05),95%置信区间为(−26.10, −17.25);4~8 h组与8~12 h组荧光强度差值相比较,存在显著差异(P < 0.05),95%置信区间为(5.99, 14.84)。三组间胆管识别效果比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),4~8 h组胆管识别效果均较其他两组胆管识别效果差异存在统计学意义(P < 0.05);0~4 h组与8~12 h组胆管识别效果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (见表2)。

Table 2. Comparison of fluorescence intensity differences and biliary duct identification performance

2. 荧光强度差值和胆管识别效果比较

分组

荧光强度差值

胆管识别效果[n (%)]

A级

B级

C级

0~4 h组(n = 20)

−10.80 ± 5.17Δ* (−13.21, −8.37)&

2 (10.0)

15 (75.0)

3 (15.0)Δ

4~8 h组(n = 20)

21.30 ± 7.40#* (17.84, 24.76)&

14 (70.0)

5 (25.0)

1 (5.0)#*

8~12 h组(n = 20)

10.88 ± 3.87#Δ (9.07, 12.69)&

5 (25.0)

11 (55.0)

4 (20.0)Δ

F/H值

161.078

14.191

P值

<0.001

<0.001

注:经Bonferroni校正检验,与0~4 h组比较,#P < 0.05;与4~8 h组比较,ΔP < 0.05;与8~12 h组比较,*P < 0.05;&为95%的置信区间;采用Kruskal-Walls秩和检验。

2) 三组患者术中胆囊三角解剖时间差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),4~8 h组患者术中胆囊三角解剖时间(16.62 ± 4.00)均低于其他两组术中胆囊三角解剖时间[(23.57 ± 4.52), (23.07 ± 4.20)]具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);三组患者术中预估出血量、术中胆管损伤、术后胆漏、术后住院时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (见表3)。

Table 3. Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative indicators

3. 术中、术后相关指标的比较情况的比较

分组

胆囊三角解剖 时间(min)

术中预估 出血量(ml)

术中胆管损伤 [n (%)]

术后胆漏 [n (%)]

术后住院 时间(d)

0~4 h组(n = 20)

23.57 ± 4.52Δ

13.8 ± 4.82

0

0

5.10 ± 0.64

4~8 h组(n = 20)

16.62 ± 4.00*#

13.15 ± 6.23

1 (5.0)

0

5.20 ± 0.83

8~12 h组(n = 20)

23.07 ± 4.20Δ

15.55 ± 1.47

1 (5.0)

1 (5.0)

5.60 ± 0.82

χ2/H值

20.999

1.704

-

-

5.939

P值

<0.001

0.427

1.000

1.000

0.051

注:经Bonferroni校正检验,与0~4 h组比较,*P < 0.05;与4~8 h组比较,ΔP < 0.05;与8~12 h组比较,#P < 0.05;采用Kruskal-Walls秩和检验;采用Fisher确切概率法。

4. 讨论

荧光强度差值、胆管识别效果,是荧光胆道显影客观和主观两个不同方面的直接评价。荧光胆道显影的程度受多方面因素的影响,在患者中也存在个体化差异。由于ICG经肝脏代谢且荧光穿透能力有限,肝功能不全和胆囊三角区的结缔组织较厚会导致胆道显影不理想,尤其是严重胆囊炎或伴有肥胖的患者[8]。有研究认为,严重胆囊炎的炎症程度较高,组织水肿、增厚及粘连严重,胆管识别率下降,但仍然优于白光模式[9]。BMI对荧光胆道显影可能有一定影响,尤其在解剖胆囊三角前[10]。López-Sánchez等人观察到BMI和肝总管可见度之间存在显著差异,BMI与解剖胆囊三角后胆道结构的可视化质量也呈反比关系[11]。同时,不同的近红外荧光成像系统的光源亮度、摄像头清晰度、显示软件灵敏度和显示硬件灵敏度之间存在的差异,荧光造影剂和腹腔镜之间距离的远近、成角的度数,都影响着胆管内荧光信号的高低[3] [12] [13]。本研究比较各组间BMI、白细胞等一般资料均无明显差异,确保了基线数据的均衡性。采用单一近红外荧光成像系统,术前4~8 h组荧光强度差值均高于其余两组(P < 0.05);4~8 h组胆管识别效果评价有14 (70%)个为A级,与其他两组存在统计学差异(<0.05)。可认为术前4~8 h注射ICG更容易增加荧光强度差值,提升胆管识别效果,胆道显影较好。目前对于荧光强度测定评分并没有一个统一的标准,Baldari等人根据过量绿色荧光图像由荧光叠加模式获得的原理,荧光强度生成最小值为0、最大值为510的灰度图像。使用Fiji软件,通过改良公式计算信号与背景比,(目标荧光强度–肝脏背景荧光强度)/510 [14]。而Huang等人为分析术前30分钟注射ICG的最佳剂量,使用ImageJ软件测量胆总管和肝脏的荧光强度,计算公式为:胆管荧光强度/肝脏荧光强度[15]。另外,一些研究采用5分制Likert量表对剥离前后胆道结构的可视性质量进行评分,1 = 差、2 = 较差、3 = 一般、4 = 好、5 = 极佳。这些评分以欧洲FIGS登记处(一个安全的在线数据库,收集使用FIGS进行的外科手术的匿名数据)公布的评分为基础[11] [16]。笔者认为不论何种测定评分方式,统一标准后计算,都能有其科学根据。

在LC中,胆囊三角的精准解剖与分离是手术成败的关键步骤,决定着手术进程,也是避免严重并发症的核心环节。在近期不同地区关于LC中使用ICG的共识指南中,都强调了ICG荧光胆道显影能帮助识别胆管及其可能变异的解剖结构,提高了肝外胆道结构的可视化率[2] [17] [18]。本研究术中胆囊三角解剖时间比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),术前4~8组术中胆囊三角解剖时间均低于其余两组(P < 0.05),可认为术前4~8 h注射ICG能减少Calot三角解剖时间。但这种呈现理想胆道显影的注射方案并不适用于一些时间难以掌控的急诊手术中。对此有研究认为,术中从胆囊注射ICG无需术前等待肝脏代谢,避免肝脏荧光信号的干扰,可快速获取清晰的荧光胆管成像[19]-[21]。但此方法会增加手术难度,造影剂泄漏风险高,若出现结石嵌顿胆囊颈时会导致胆管显影失败,还有待商讨。

BDI是LC中最严重的并发症,发生率仍然较高,在0.2%~1.5%之间[22] [23],其带来的生活质量下降、治疗成本增加、医患矛盾激化等一系列后果是难以承受的[24]。目前Strasberg提出的安全关键视图(CVS):除了胆囊管和动脉外,胆囊三角区所有组织都被剥离,肝床底部暴露出来[25]。在术中安全操作,仍然起到重要作用,被广泛应用。为了减少BDI,自Mirizzi术中胆管造影(IOC)提出以来[26],已经开发出多种操作技术,如X线IOC检查、腹腔镜超声检查(LUS)、吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光IOC。X线IOC检查虽然有助于确定胆管解剖结构,但其带来的辐射暴露、手术时间延长、费用增加,导致越来越多外科医生选择性使用此检查[27] [28]。LUS在检测胆总管结石和鉴别胆道解剖方面具有出色的能力,与X线IOC相比,它成本低、速度快、无辐射。但LUS依赖于操作者,需要更高的学习曲线和特定的仪器[28] [29]。而近年来,ICG在荧光IOC中,凭借着操作简洁、不良反应少、显影识别度高等优势,受到越来越多外科医生的关注。术者可以凭借NIRF-C实时可视化操作,逐渐暴露CVS,更加放心的操作。本研究三组间BDI比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),还不能认为术前ICG不同注射时间对BDI有影响。但越来越多研究表明,荧光胆道显影是便于术中胆管损伤和胆漏的观察[30] [31]

综上所述,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中运用吲哚菁绿荧光显影技术,行胆管可视化操作是便捷、可行的;选择在LC术前4~8 h进行外周静脉注射ICG 2.5 mg可以在术中观察到理想的肝外胆管。本研究初步对注射时间进行了分析,本研究由于样本量较少,还需大样本、多中心研究,对ICG注射方案进一步探索。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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