颜色叠加层对孤独症谱系障碍儿童视觉工作记忆的影响
The Effect of Color Overlays on Visual Working Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
摘要: 目的：探究颜色叠加层对孤独症谱系障碍儿童的阅读和情绪识别任务表现出的促进作用是否适用于工作记忆相关的任务。方法：本研究采用n-back (1-back和2-back)任务范式，考察颜色叠加层与刺激类型(社会性刺激、限制性兴趣刺激、非限制性兴趣刺激)对孤独症谱系障碍儿童工作记忆表现的影响。1-back任务选择了11名ASD儿童和12名TD儿童(7~12岁)；由于2-back任务难度较高，最终选择了6名ASD儿童和6名TD儿童(7~12岁)参与实验。结果：结果显示，颜色叠加层的主效应显著，在有颜色叠加层条件下，两组被试的反应时均显著短于无叠加层条件；2-back任务中，组别主效应显著，TD组正确率高于ASD组，而ASD组反应时短于TD组；刺激类型的主效应及各交互作用均未达到显著水平。结论：颜色叠加层可能通过提高加工效率而非准确性水平，对ASD儿童的工作记忆表现产生积极影响。但其作用的稳定性及潜在机制仍需在未来研究中通过更大样本和多方法设计进一步验证。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate whether the facilitative effect of color overlays on reading and emotion recognition tasks in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) also extends to working memory related tasks. Methods: This study used the n-back task (1-back and 2-back) to examine the effects of color overlays and stim ulus type (social stimuli, restricted interest stimuli, nonrestricted interest stimuli) on working memory performance in children with ASD. For the 1-back task, 11 children with ASD and 12 typically developing (TD) children (aged 7~12) were included. Due to the higher difficulty of the 2-back task, 6 children with ASD and 6 TD children (aged 7~12) were finally selected for the experiment. Results: The main effect of color overlay was significant: under the color overlay condition, response times were significantly shorter for both groups compared to the no-overlay condition. In the 2-back task, the main effect of group was significant: the TD group showed higher accuracy than the ASD group, while the ASD group had shorter response times than the TD group. The main effect of stimulus type and all interaction effects were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Color overlays may positively influence working memory performance in children with ASD by improving processing efficiency rather than accuracy. However, the stability of this effect and its underlying mechanisms require further validation in future studies with larger samples and multi-method designs.
文章引用：艾忆思, 任杰, 王书凝, 陈嘉杰 (2026). 颜色叠加层对孤独症谱系障碍儿童视觉工作记忆的影响. 心理学进展, 16(2), 443-453. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2026.162106

参考文献

[1] 靳少举, 李艳, 徐胜(2025). 孤独症谱系障碍儿童情绪失调的国外研究进展. 中国儿童保健杂志, (7), 755-759.
[2] 王小溪, 于鑫蕊, 孙思翔(2026). 多种功能连接下ASD儿童脑网络的分形结构研究. 复杂系统与复杂性科学.
https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1402.N.20260108.1435.006
[3] Bennetto, L., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1996). Intact and Impaired Memory Functions in Autism. Child Development, 67, Article No. 1816.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Burrows, C. A., Bodfish, J. W., Wolff, J. J., Vollman, E. P., Altschuler, M. R., Botteron, K. N. et al. (2021). Cataloguing and Characterizing Interests in Typically Developing Toddlers and Toddlers Who Develop ASD. Autism Research, 14, 1710-1723.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] Ceccarini, F., Guerra, S., Peressotti, A., Peressotti, F., Bulgheroni, M., Baccinelli, W. et al. (2020). Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off in Plants. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27, 966-973.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[6] Cho, I. Y. K., Jelinkova, K., Schuetze, M., Vinette, S. A., Rahman, S., McCrimmon, A. et al. (2017). Circumscribed Interests in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Look beyond Trains, Planes, and Clocks. PLOS ONE, 12, e0187414.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Cui, J., Gao, D., Chen, Y., Zou, X., & Wang, Y. (2010). Working Memory in Early-School-Age Children with Asperger’s Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 958-967.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. M. (2014). Beyond Individual Differences: Are Working Memory and Inhibition Informative Specifiers within ASD? Journal of Neural Transmission, 121, 1183-1198.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Dell’Osso, L., Massoni, L., Battaglini, S., De Felice, C., Nardi, B., Amatori, G. et al. (2023). Emotional Dysregulation as a Part of the Autism Spectrum Continuum: A Literature Review from Late Childhood to Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, Article ID: 1234518.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[10] Gale, C. M., Eikeseth, S., & Klintwall, L. (2019). Children with Autism Show Atypical Preference for Non-Social Stimuli. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 10355.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Gillberg, C. (1991). The Treatment of Epilepsy in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21, 61-77.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Hann, F., Pesthy, O., Brezóczki, B., Vékony, T., Nagy, C. A., Sapey-Triomphe, L. et al. (2025). Autistic Traits Relate to Speed/Accuracy Trade-Off but Not Statistical Learning and Updating. Scientific Reports, 15, Article No. 32001.[CrossRef] 
[13] Harms, M. B., Martin, A., & Wallace, G. L. (2010). Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of Behavioral and Neuroimaging Studies. Neuropsychology Review, 20, 290-322.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Jones, R. S. P., Quigney, C., & Huws, J. C. (2003). First-Hand Accounts of Sensory Perceptual Experiences in Autism: A Qualitative Analysis. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 28, 112-121.[CrossRef] 
[15] Kleinhans, N., Akshoomoff, N., & Delis, D. (2005). Executive Functions in Autism and Asperger’s Disorder: Flexibility, Fluency, and Inhibition. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 379-401.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Lemon, J. M., Gargaro, B., Enticott, P. G., & Rinehart, N. J. (2011). Brief Report: Executive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gender Comparison of Response Inhibition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 352-356.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Ludlow, A. K., Giannadou, A., Franklin, A., Allen, P. M., Simmons, D. R., & Wilkins, A. J. (2020). The Possible Use of Precision Tinted Lenses to Improve Social Cognition in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Vision Research, 170, 53-59.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Ludlow, A. K., Taylor-Whiffen, E., & Wilkins, A. J. (2012). Coloured Filters Enhance the Visual Perception of Social Cues in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. ISRN Neurology, 2012, Article ID: 298098.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Ludlow, A. K., Wilkins, A. J., & Heaton, P. (2006). The Effect of Coloured Overlays on Reading Ability in Children with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 507-516.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Ludlow, A. K., Wilkins, A. J., & Heaton, P. (2008). Colored Overlays Enhance Visual Perceptual Performance in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 498-515.[CrossRef] 
[21] Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L. et al. (2013). The Role of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52, 679-688.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Nowell, K. P., Bernardin, C. J., Brown, C., & Kanne, S. (2021). Characterization of Special Interests in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Review and Pilot Study Using the Special Interests Survey. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 2711-2724.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Ozonoff, S., & Strayer, D. L. (2001). Further Evidence of Intact Working Memory in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 257-263.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Merzenich, M. M. (2003). Model of Autism: Increased Ratio of Excitation/Inhibition in Key Neural Systems. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 2, 255-267.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Russell, J., Jarrold, C., & Henry, L. (1996). Working Memory in Children with Autism and with Moderate Learning Difficulties. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 673-686.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Sato, J. (2023). Functional Connectivity Changes during Working Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Two-Year Longitudinal MEG Study. NeuroImage: Clinical, 37, Article ID: 103364.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Senju, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2009). Atypical Eye Contact in Autism: Models, Mechanisms and Development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 1204-1214.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Simmons, D. R., Robertson, A. E., McKay, L. S., Toal, E., McAleer, P., & Pollick, F. E. (2009). Vision in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Vision Research, 49, 2705-2739.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Steele, S. D., Minshew, N. J., Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007). Spatial Working Memory Deficits in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 605-612.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Tanaka, J. W., & Sung, A. (2016). The “Eye Avoidance” Hypothesis of Autism Face Processing. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1538-1552.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Vacas, J., Antolí, A., Sánchez-Raya, A., Pérez-Dueñas, C., & Cuadrado, F. (2021). Visual Preference for Social vs. Non-Social Images in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. An Eye Tracking Study. PLOS ONE, 16, e0252795.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Vogan, V. M., Morgan, B. R., Lee, W., Powell, T. L., Smith, M. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2014). The Neural Correlates of Visuo-Spatial Working Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Effects of Cognitive Load. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 6, Article No. 19.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Wang, Q., Hoi, S. P., Song, C., Li, T., Lam, C. M., Wang, Y. et al. (2021). Circumscribed Interest Modulates Attention to Eyes in Boys with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article ID: 627365.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Wass, S. V., Jones, E. J. H., Gliga, T., Smith, T. J., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H. et al. (2015). Shorter Spontaneous Fixation Durations in Infants with Later Emerging Autism. Scientific Reports, 5, Article No. 8284.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Whitaker, L., Jones, C. R. G., Wilkins, A. J., & Roberson, D. (2016). Judging the Intensity of Emotional Expression in Faces: The Effects of Colored Tints on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 9, 450-459.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Whiting, P. R., & Robinson, G. L. (2001). The Interpretation of Emotion from Facial Expressions for Children with a Visual Sub‐Type of Dyslexia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities, 6, 6-14.[CrossRef] 
[37] Wilkins, A. J., Evans, B. J. W., Brown, J. A., Busby, A. E., Wingfield, A. E., Jeanes, R. J. et al. (1994). Double‐Masked Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Precision Spectral Filters in Children Who Use Coloured Overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 14, 365-370.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[38] Wilkins, A., Patel, R., Adjamian, P., & Evans, B. (2002). Tinted Spectacles and Visually Sensitive Migraine. Cephalalgia, 22, 711-719.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Williams, D. L., Goldstein, G., Carpenter, P. A., & Minshew, N. J. (2005). Verbal and Spatial Working Memory in Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 747-756.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Zhao, Y., Kay, K. N., Tian, Y., & Ku, Y. (2022). Sensory Recruitment Revisited: Ipsilateral V1 Involved in Visual Working Memory. Cerebral Cortex, 32, 1470-1479.[CrossRef] [PubMed]