可逆荧光探针用于亚硫酸根与双氧水检测的机制研究
Mechanism Study on Reversible Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Sulfite and Hydrogen Peroxide
摘要: 亚硫酸根( S O 3 2 )与双氧水(H2O2)作为生物体内重要的活性氧与活性硫物种,其浓度变化与多种生理病理过程密切相关。开发高选择性、高灵敏度的检测方法对生物医学研究具有重要意义。本文通过理论计算系统研究了两种可逆荧光探针(probe-a和probe-b)检测 S O 3 2 与H2O2的作用机制。结果表明,probe-a分子的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)与最低未占据分子轨道(LUMO)均匀分布于整个分子结构,表现出明显的局域激发特性,在激发后产生较强的红色荧光(振子强度f = 0.86);而probe-b经 S O 3 2 作用后,HOMO与LUMO发生空间分离,分别定位于SO3基团和分子主体部分,呈现典型的电荷转移激发特性,导致荧光强度显著减弱(振子强度f = 0.01)。平均局部离子化能(ALIE)分析证实,probe-b中SO3基团具有强还原反应活性,是与H2O2发生氧化还原反应的关键位点。电子转移热图清晰展示了两种探针在激发过程中的电荷分布变化,为理解荧光响应机制提供了直接的理论依据。该研究不仅揭示了可逆荧光探针的设计原理,还为开发新型活性物种检测探针提供了重要的参考。
Abstract: Sulfite ( S O 3 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as important reactive oxygen species and reactive sulfur species in organisms, their concentration changes are closely related to various physiological and pathological processes. Developing detection methods with high selectivity and sensitivity is of great significance for biomedical research. In this paper, the action mechanism of two reversible fluorescent probes (probe-a and probe-b) for the detection of S O 3 2 and H2O2 was systematically studied by theoretical calculations. The results showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of probe-a molecule are uniformly distributed in the entire molecular structure, showing obvious local excitation characteristics, and strong red fluorescence is generated after excitation (oscillator strength f = 0.86). After probe-b is acted on by S O 3 2 , HOMO and LUMO are spatially separated, locating in the SO3 group and the main molecular part respectively, showing typical charge transfer excitation characteristics, leading to a significant decrease in fluorescence intensity (oscillator strength f = 0.01). Average Local Ionization Energy (ALIE) analysis confirmed that the SO3 group in probe-b has strong reductive reaction activity and is the key site for redox reaction with H2O2. The electron transfer heat map clearly shows the changes in charge distribution of the two probes during the excitation process, providing a direct theoretical basis for understanding the fluorescence response mechanism. This study not only reveals the design principle of reversible fluorescent probes, but also provides an important reference for the development of new probes for the detection of reactive species.
文章引用:阚宇莹, 庞楚璇. 可逆荧光探针用于亚硫酸根与双氧水检测的机制研究[J]. 自然科学, 2026, 14(2): 137-145. https://doi.org/10.12677/ojns.2026.142016

1. 引言

活性氧(Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS)与活性硫(Reactive Sulfur Species, RSS)是生物体内一类具有高反应活性的小分子物种,在细胞信号传导、氧化应激反应、新陈代谢调节等生理过程中发挥着不可或缺的作用。双氧水(H2O2)作为代表性的ROS,参与细胞内多种氧化还原反应,其浓度失衡会导致DNA损伤、蛋白质氧化等氧化应激反应,进而引发癌症、神经退行性疾病等多种疾病。亚硫酸根( SO 3 2 )作为重要的RSS,在生物体内主要由亚硫酸盐还原酶催化生成,具有抗氧化、解毒等生理功能,同时其浓度异常也与炎症反应、心血管疾病等病理过程密切相关。此外,H2O2 SO 3 2 之间存在相互作用, SO 3 2 可通过氧化还原反应清除过量的H2O2,维持体内氧化还原平衡。因此,实现对生物体内 SO 3 2 与H2O2的高选择性、高灵敏度检测,对于深入研究其生理病理功能、疾病早期诊断具有重要的科学意义和应用价值[1]-[7]

传统的 SO 3 2 与H2O2检测方法包括滴定法、色谱法、电化学法等。滴定法操作简单但灵敏度较低,难以满足微量检测需求;色谱法具有较高的选择性和准确性,但样品前处理复杂、检测周期长,不适用于实时原位检测;电化学法响应速度快,但易受生物基质中其他电活性物质的干扰,检测特异性有待提高。荧光探针技术凭借其高灵敏度、高选择性、实时原位检测、操作简便等优势,已成为生物体内活性物种检测的重要手段。可逆荧光探针能够实现对目标分析物的反复检测,可动态监测分析物浓度变化,在生物医学研究中具有独特的优势。然而,目前已报道的荧光探针在检测 SO 3 2 与H2O2时,仍存在荧光响应机制不明确、选择性不足、光稳定性较差等问题,限制了其在生物体内的应用。因此,设计新型可逆荧光探针并深入研究其检测机制,对于推动荧光探针技术的发展具有重要意义[8]-[11]

荧光探针通常由识别基团、荧光团和连接基团三部分组成。识别基团负责与目标分析物发生特异性相互作用,如结合、氧化还原、水解等;荧光团是产生荧光信号的核心部分,其荧光性质(如荧光强度、荧光波长、荧光寿命等)会随着识别基团与目标分析物的相互作用而发生显著变化;连接基团用于连接识别基团和荧光团,其结构会影响探针的溶解性、生物相容性以及识别基团与荧光团之间的电子转移过程。

根据荧光响应机制的不同,荧光探针可分为光诱导电子转移(Photoinduced Electron Transfer, PET)、分子内电荷转移(Intramolecular Charge Transfer, ICT)、荧光共振能量转移(Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer, FRET)、局域激发(Local Excitation, LE)等类型。在PET机制中,识别基团与目标分析物结合后,会改变识别基团与荧光团之间的电子转移效率,导致荧光增强或猝灭;在ICT机制中,目标分析物与识别基团的相互作用会引起荧光团分子内电荷分布的变化,导致荧光波长发生红移或蓝移;FRET机制则是基于两个荧光团之间的能量转移,当目标分析物与探针作用后,两个荧光团之间的距离或取向发生变化,从而改变能量转移效率,实现荧光信号的调控;LE机制是指荧光团在激发后,电子仅在荧光团分子内部发生跃迁,其荧光性质主要受荧光团自身结构的影响[12]-[16]

本研究的两种可逆荧光探针(probe-a和probe-b)以常见的荧光团为基础,通过引入特定的识别基团实现对 SO 3 2 与H2O2的特异性识别[17]。probe-a未与 SO 3 2 作用时,其分子结构相对稳定,HOMO与LUMO均匀分布于整个分子,表现出LE特性,产生较强的荧光;当probe-a与 SO 3 2 作用后,生成probe-b,此时分子结构发生变化,HOMO与LUMO发生空间分离,表现出ICT特性,导致荧光强度显著减弱;当probe-b与H2O2作用后,SO3基团被氧化,探针分子恢复为probe-a的结构,荧光强度得以恢复,从而实现对 SO 3 2 与H2O2的可逆检测。

本研究的主要内容是通过理论计算(态密度分析、平均局部离子化能分析、电子转移热图分析等)揭示探针的荧光响应机制。具体为利用密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory, DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory, TD-DFT)进行理论计算,分析probe-a和probe-b的态密度分布、平均局部离子化能、电子转移过程等,揭示荧光响应机制。

2. 理论计算方法

所有理论计算均采用Gaussian 16程序包进行。采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP泛函和def2tzvp基组对probe-a和probe-b的基态几何结构进行优化。在优化后的几何结构基础上,采用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)中的CAM-B3LYP泛函和def2tzvp基组计算其激发态性质,包括激发能、振子强度等[18] [19]。以上计算过程中均采用水环境进行计算以便和实验结果进行对比。

态密度(Density of States, DOS)图用于分析HOMO与LUMO的分布情况,通过Multiwfn 3.7程序对Gaussian计算结果进行处理得到。平均局部离子化能(Average Local Ionization Energy, ALIE)用于评估分子中不同区域的反应活性,采用B3LYP泛函和def2tzvp基组计算得到。电子转移热图用于展示探针在激发过程中的电荷转移情况,通过计算激发态与基态之间的电荷密度差得到[20]-[22]

3. 结果与讨论

图1是可逆荧光探针检测亚硫酸根与双氧水机制示意图,探针probe-a与 SO 3 2 反应后生成探针probe-b,相反地探针probe-b与H2O2反应后生成探针probe-a,二者强烈的荧光强度对比使得二者成为检测亚硫酸根与双氧水的有效荧光探针。probe-a与 SO 3 2 、probe-b与H2O2的反应活化能均较低(均低于60 KJ/mol),满足室温下快速越过能垒、瞬时响应的动力学要求,与实验中荧光信号快速增强/淬灭一致。

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the detection mechanism of reversible fluorescent probes for sulfite ( SO 3 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (Cyan: carbon; white: hydrogen; red: oxygen; blue: nitrogen; yellow: sulfur)

1. 可逆荧光探针检测亚硫酸根与双氧水机制示意图(氰色:碳;白色:氢;红色:氧;蓝色:氮;黄色:硫)

态密度(DOS)图能够直观地展示分子中HOMO与LUMO的分布情况,对于理解荧光响应机制具有重要意义。图2为probe-a的态密度图,由图可知,probe-a的HOMO与LUMO均匀分布于整个分子结构中,没有明显的空间分离,表现出典型的局域激发(LE)特性。在LE机制中,电子在激发后仅在荧光团分子内部发生跃迁,跃迁过程中电子与空穴的重叠程度较高,振子强度较高,因此probe-a表现出较强的荧光(f = 0.86)。

Figure 2. Density of States (DOS) plot of probe-a

2. 探针probe-a的态密度图

图3为probe-b的态密度图,由图可知,probe-b的HOMO主要分布于SO3基团上,而LUMO主要分布于分子主体部分(荧光团),HOMO与LUMO发生了明显的空间分离,表现出典型的分子内电荷转移(ICT)特性。在ICT机制中,电子在激发后从HOMO (SO3基团)转移至LUMO (分子主体部分),电子与空穴的重叠程度较低,振子强度较低,因此probe-b表现出较弱的荧光(f = 0.01)。

Figure 3. Density of states (DOS) plot of probe-b

3. 探针probe-b的态密度图

平均局部离子化能(ALIE)是评估分子中不同区域反应活性的重要参数,ALIE值越低,表明该区域的电子越容易被转移,反应活性越高。图4为probe-b的ALIE图,由图可知,蓝色椭圆部分(SO3基团)的ALIE值明显低于其他区域,表明SO3基团具有强还原反应活性,是与H2O2发生氧化还原反应的关键位点。当probe-b与H2O2作用时,SO3基团被H2O2氧化,探针分子的结构恢复为probe-a的结构,HOMO与LUMO重新均匀分布于整个分子,荧光强度得以恢复。

Figure 4. ALIE plot of probe-b

4. Probe-b的ALIE图

电子转移热图能够清晰地展示探针在激发过程中的电荷转移情况,颜色越深,表明电荷富集程度越高。图5为probe-a由基态到第一激发态激发过程中的电子转移热图及其原子序号示意图,由图可知,电子与空穴主要集中在分子的同一区域,没有明显的电荷转移现象,表现出局域激发特性,与态密度分析结果一致。

Figure 5. Heat map of electron transfer during excitation from the ground state to the first excited state of probe‑a (upper panel) and the corresponding schematic diagram of atomic numbering (lower panel)

5. Probe-a由基态到第一激发态激发过程中的电子转移热图(上图)及其原子序号示意图(下图)

图6为probe-b由基态到第一激发态激发过程中的电子转移热图及其原子序号示意图,由图可知,电子主要集中在SO3基团(红色区域),空穴主要集中在分子主体部分(蓝色区域),表现出明显的电荷转移现象,与态密度分析结果一致。这种电荷转移导致电子与空穴的分离,降低了振子强度,从而使probe-b的荧光强度显著减弱。

Figure 6. Heat map of electron transfer during excitation from the ground state to the first excited state of probe‑b (upper panel) and the corresponding schematic diagram of atomic numbering (lower panel)

6. Probe-b由基态到第一激发态激发过程中的电子转移热图(上图)及其原子序号示意图(下图)

(a) (b)

Figure 7. Electron radiative process from the first excited state to the ground state of the fluorescent probes: (a) probe-a, (b) probe-b

7. 荧光探针由第一激发态到基态的电子辐射过程 (a) probe-a (b) probe-b

振子强度(f)是衡量荧光探针荧光性能的重要参数,其值越大,表明探针的荧光强度越强。计算结果如图7表明,probe-a的振子强度为0.86,表现出较强的荧光;probe-b的振子强度为0.01,表现出较弱的荧光。这一结果与态密度分析和电子转移热图分析结果一致,进一步证实了probe-a具有局域激发特性,probe-b具有电荷转移激发特性。

4. 结论与展望

本研究对象为一种可逆荧光探针(probe-a),并通过与 SO 3 2 的相互作用可生产probe-b。研究结果表明,probe-a对 SO 3 2 具有高选择性和高灵敏度,加入 SO 3 2 后荧光强度显著猝灭;probe-b对H2O2具有高选择性和高灵敏度,加入H2O2后荧光强度得以恢复,探针具有良好的可逆性。

通过理论计算(态密度分析、ALIE分析、电子转移热图分析等)揭示了探针的荧光响应机制:probe-a的HOMO与LUMO均匀分布于整个分子,表现出局域激发特性,产生较强的荧光;probe-b的HOMO与LUMO发生空间分离,分别定位于SO3基团和分子主体部分,表现出电荷转移激发特性,导致荧光强度显著减弱;SO3基团具有强还原反应活性,与H2O2发生氧化还原反应后,探针分子恢复为probe-a的结构,荧光强度得以恢复。

该研究不仅为设计新型可逆荧光探针提供了新的思路和方法,还为深入理解荧光响应机制提供了重要的理论依据。然而,该探针在生物体内的应用仍面临一些挑战,如生物相容性、细胞穿透性等问题。未来的研究方向可以包括:(1) 对探针的结构进行修饰,提高其生物相容性和细胞穿透性;(2) 将探针应用于细胞内 SO 3 2 与H2O2的实时原位检测;(3) 开发基于该探针的生物成像技术,为疾病的早期诊断提供新的手段。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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