“良知呼唤”的生存论结构：自我肯定还是自我否定？

The Existential Structure of the “Call of Conscience”: Self-Affirmation or Self-Negation?

摘要: 良知呼唤是海德格尔在《存在与时间》中提出的一个核心概念，它揭示了此在(Dasein)从沉沦状态回归到本真存在的一种可能性。通过分析良知呼唤的生存论结构，来探讨他究竟是自我肯定还是自我否定。本文对“自我否定”与“自我肯定”进行了严格的生存论重构：前者指涉对此在沉沦事实的“去蔽”，后者指涉此在向其最本己的生存可能性的“筹划”(Entwurf)。最终发现良知呼唤通过揭示此在的罪责(作为“亏欠”的Nichtigkeit)和最本己的能在，促使此在从沉沦转向本真。最终发现良知呼唤通过揭示此在的罪责和最本己的能在，促使此在从沉沦转向本真。文章深入剖析了“罪责”如何辩证地转化为积极的生存动力：这种本体论上的“亏欠”并非道德缺陷，而是此在筹划自身的存在论基础。良知呼唤表面上表现为一种自我否定，但其最终目标指向自我肯定，即向本真存在的回归。同时通过深入剖析良知呼唤的运作机制及其与生存论环节的关联，也深化了对海德格尔早期存在论的理解。

Abstract: “The call of conscience” is a core concept proposed by Heidegger in “Being and Time”, revealing a possibility for Dasein to return to authentic existence from a state of fallenness. By analyzing the existential structure of the call of conscience, this paper explores whether it represents self-affirmation or self-negation. The paper mainly conducts a rigorous existential reconstruction of “self-negation” and “self-affirmation”: the former refers to the “disclosure” of Dasein’s fallenness, while the latter denotes Dasein’s “projection” (Entwurf) toward its ownmost potentiality-for-Being. It is ultimately argued that by revealing Dasein’s Schuldigsein (Nichtigkeit as “lack”) and its ownmost potentiality-for-Being, the call of conscience impels Dasein to turn from fallenness to authenticity. The paper delves into how “Schuldigsein” dialectically transforms into a positive existential driving force: this ontological “lack” is not a moral flaw, but rather the existential foundation for Dasein to project itself. Although the call of conscience appears superficially as a form of self-negation, its ultimate aim is directed at self-affirmation—that is, a return to authentic existence. Furthermore, through an in-depth analysis of the operational mechanism of the call of conscience and its connection to existential moments, this study deepens the understanding of Heidegger’s early ontology.